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This study is part of the debate on the efficiency of large versus small language models for text classification by prompting.We assess the performance of small language models in zero-shot text classification, challenging the prevailing dominance of large models.Across 15 datasets, our investigation benchmarks language models from 77M to 40B parameters using different architectures and scoring functions.
Language Models are Few-Shot Learners
Tom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared D Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Sandhini Agarwal, Ariel Herbert-Voss, Gretchen Krueger, Tom Henighan, Rewon Child, Aditya Ramesh, Daniel Ziegler, Jeffrey Wu, Clemens Winter, Chris Hesse, Mark Chen, Eric Sigler, Mateusz Litwin, Scott Gray, Benjamin Chess, Jack Clark, Christopher Berner, Sam McCandlish, Alec Radford, Ilya Sutskever, and Dario Amodei. 2020 · 1901
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Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer
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Martin Krallinger, O. Rabal, S. Akhondi, M. Pérez, J. Santamaría, Gael Pérez Rodríguez, G. Tsatsaronis, Ander Intxaurrondo, José Antonio Baso López, U. Nandal, E. V. Buel, A. Chandrasekhar, Marleen Rodenburg, A. Lægreid, Marius A. Doornenbal, J. Oyarzábal, A. Lourenço, and A. Valencia. 2017 · 2017
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Zero-shot User Intent Detection via Capsule Neural Networks
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Reconstructing Capsule Networks for Zero-shot Intent Classification
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Beyond prompting: Making Pre-trained Language Models Better Zero-shot Learners by Clustering Representations
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Stella Biderman, Hailey Schoelkopf, Quentin Anthony, Herbie Bradley, Kyle O’Brien, Eric Hallahan, Mohammad Aflah Khan, Shivanshu Purohit, USVSN Sai Prashanth, Edward Raff, Aviya Skowron, Lintang Sutawika, and Oskar van der Wal. 2023 · 2023
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Yutao Sun, Li Dong, Shaohan Huang, Shuming Ma, Yuqing Xia, Jilong Xue, Jianyong Wang, and Furu Wei. 2023 · 2023
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Llama: Open and efficient foundation language models
Hugo Touvron, Thibaut Lavril, Gautier Izacard, Xavier Martinet, Marie-Anne Lachaux, Timothée Lacroix, Baptiste Rozière, Naman Goyal, Eric Hambro, Faisal Azhar, Aurelien Rodriguez, Armand Joulin, Edouard Grave, and Guillaume Lample. 2023 · 2023
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Lamini-lm: A diverse herd of distilled models from large-scale instructions
Minghao Wu, Abdul Waheed, Chiyu Zhang, Muhammad Abdul-Mageed, and Alham Fikri Aji. 2023 · 2023
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Instruction Tuning for Large Language Models: A Survey
Shengyu Zhang, Linfeng Dong, Xiaoya Li, Sen Zhang, Xiaofei Sun, Shuhe Wang, Jiwei Li, Runyi Hu, Tianwei Zhang, Fei Wu, and Guoyin Wang. 2023 · 2023
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Pre-trained language models can be fully zero-shot learners
Xuandong Zhao, Siqi Ouyang, Zhiguo Yu, Ming Wu, and Lei Li. 2023 · 2023
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