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Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are widely used in the evaluation of large language models (LLMs) due to their simplicity and efficiency.
Predicting good probabilities with supervised learning
Alexandru Niculescu-Mizil and Rich Caruana. 2005 · 2005
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Model calibration and uncertainty estimation
Hoshin V Gupta, Keith J Beven, and Thorsten Wagener. 2006 · 2006
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Visualizing data using t-sne
Laurens Van der Maaten and Geoffrey Hinton. 2008 · 2008
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Di Jin, Eileen Pan, Nassim Oufattole, Wei-Hung Weng, Hanyi Fang, and Peter Szolovits. 2020 · 2009
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The chi-square test of independence
Mary L McHugh. 2013 · 2013
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Neural text generation from structured data with application to the biography domain
Rémi Lebret, David Grangier, and Michael Auli. 2016 · 2016
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Think you have solved question answering? try arc, the AI2 reasoning challenge
Peter Clark, Isaac Cowhey, Oren Etzioni, Tushar Khot, Ashish Sabharwal, Carissa Schoenick, and Oyvind Tafjord. 2018 · 2018
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Multi-scale attentive interaction networks for chinese medical question answer selection
Sheng Zhang, Xin Zhang, Hui Wang, Lixiang Guo, and Shanshan Liu. 2018 · 2018
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Pubmedqa: A dataset for biomedical research question answering
Qiao Jin, Bhuwan Dhingra, Zhengping Liu, William W. Cohen, and Xinghua Lu. 2019 · 2019
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Language models as knowledge bases?
Fabio Petroni, Tim Rocktäschel, Sebastian Riedel, Patrick S. H. Lewis, Anton Bakhtin, Yuxiang Wu, and Alexander H. Miller. 2019 · 2019
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Models calibration and evaluation
Mukhtar Ahmed, Shakeel Ahmad, Muhammad Ali Raza, Uttam Kumar, Muhammad Ansar, Ghulam Abbas Shah, David Parsons, Gerrit Hoogenboom, Taru Palosuo, and Sabine Seidel. 2020 · 2020
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Language models are few-shot learners
Tom B. Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Sandhini Agarwal, Ariel Herbert-Voss, Gretchen Krueger, Tom Henighan, Rewon Child, Aditya Ramesh, Daniel M. Ziegler, Jeffrey Wu, Clemens Winter, Christopher Hesse, Mark Chen, Eric Sigler, Mateusz Litwin, Scott Gray, Benjamin Chess, Jack Clark, Christopher Berner, Sam McCandlish, Alec Radford, Ilya Sutskever, and Dario Amodei. 2020 · 2020
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JEC-QA: A legal-domain question answering dataset
Haoxi Zhong, Chaojun Xiao, Cunchao Tu, Tianyang Zhang, Zhiyuan Liu, and Maosong Sun. 2020 · 2020
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Sumithra Bhakthavatsalam, Daniel Khashabi, Tushar Khot, Bhavana Dalvi Mishra, Kyle Richardson, Ashish Sabharwal, Carissa Schoenick, Oyvind Tafjord, and Peter Clark. 2021 · 2021
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On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models
Rishi Bommasani, Drew A. Hudson, Ehsan Adeli, Russ B. Altman, Simran Arora, Sydney von Arx, Michael S. Bernstein, Jeannette Bohg, Antoine Bosselut, Emma Brunskill, Erik Brynjolfsson, Shyamal Buch, Dallas Card, Rodrigo Castellon, Niladri S. Chatterji, Annie S. Chen, Kathleen Creel, Jared Quincy Davis, Dorottya Demszky, Chris Donahue, Moussa Doumbouya, Esin Durmus, Stefano Ermon, John Etchemendy, Kawin Ethayarajh, Li Fei-Fei, Chelsea Finn, Trevor Gale, Lauren Gillespie, Karan Goel, Noah D. Goodman, Shelby Grossman, Neel Guha, Tatsunori Hashimoto, Peter Henderson, John Hewitt, Daniel E. Ho, Jenny Hong, Kyle Hsu, Jing Huang, Thomas Icard, Saahil Jain, Dan Jurafsky, Pratyusha Kalluri, Siddharth Karamcheti, Geoff Keeling, Fereshte Khani, Omar Khattab, Pang Wei Koh, Mark S. Krass, Ranjay Krishna, Rohith Kuditipudi, and et al. 2021 · 2021
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Latent hatred: A benchmark for understanding implicit hate speech
Mai ElSherief, Caleb Ziems, David Muchlinski, Vaishnavi Anupindi, Jordyn Seybolt, Munmun De Choudhury, and Diyi Yang. 2021 · 2021
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Surface form competition: Why the highest probability answer isn’t always right
Ari Holtzman, Peter West, Vered Shwartz, Yejin Choi, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2021 · 2021
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How can we know When language models know? on the calibration of language models for question answering
Zhengbao Jiang, Jun Araki, Haibo Ding, and Graham Neubig. 2021 · 2021
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MLEC-QA: A chinese multi-choice biomedical question answering dataset
Jing Li, Shangping Zhong, and Kaizhi Chen. 2021 · 2021
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Bot-adversarial dialogue for safe conversational agents
Jing Xu, Da Ju, Margaret Li, Y-Lan Boureau, Jason Weston, and Emily Dinan. 2021 · 2021
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Calibrate before use: Improving few-shot performance of language models
Zihao Zhao, Eric Wallace, Shi Feng, Dan Klein, and Sameer Singh. 2021 · 2021
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When does pretraining help?: assessing self-supervised learning for law and the casehold dataset of 53, 000+ legal holdings
Lucia Zheng, Neel Guha, Brandon R. Anderson, Peter Henderson, and Daniel E. Ho. 2021 · 2021
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GLM: general language model pretraining with autoregressive blank infilling
Zhengxiao Du, Yujie Qian, Xiao Liu, Ming Ding, Jiezhong Qiu, Zhilin Yang, and Jie Tang. 2022 · 2022
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INSTRUCTEVAL: towards holistic evaluation of instruction-tuned large language models
Yew Ken Chia, Pengfei Hong, Lidong Bing, and Soujanya Poria. 2023 · 2023
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Vicuna: An open-source chatbot impressing gpt-4 with 90%* chatgpt quality
Wei-Lin Chiang, Zhuohan Li, Zi Lin, Ying Sheng, Zhanghao Wu, Hao Zhang, Lianmin Zheng, Siyuan Zhuang, Yonghao Zhuang, Joseph E Gonzalez, et al. 2023 · 2023
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Redpajama-incite-instruct-3b-v1
Together Computer. 2023 · 2023
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Free dolly: Introducing the world’s first truly open instruction-tuned llm
Mike Conover, Matt Hayes, Ankit Mathur, Jianwei Xie, Jun Wan, Sam Shah, Ali Ghodsi, Patrick Wendell, Matei Zaharia, and Reynold Xin. 2023 · 2023
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C-eval: A multi-level multi-discipline chinese evaluation suite for foundation models
Yuzhen Huang, Yuzhuo Bai, Zhihao Zhu, Junlei Zhang, Jinghan Zhang, Tangjun Su, Junteng Liu, Chuancheng Lv, Yikai Zhang, Jiayi Lei, Yao Fu, Maosong Sun, and Junxian He. 2023 · 2023
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Deep Ganguli, Liane Lovitt, Jackson Kernion, Amanda Askell, Yuntao Bai, Saurav Kadavath, Ben Mann, Ethan Perez, Nicholas Schiefer, Kamal Ndousse, Andy Jones, Sam Bowman, Anna Chen, Tom Conerly, Nova DasSarma, Dawn Drain, Nelson Elhage, Sheer El Showk, Stanislav Fort, Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Tom Henighan, Danny Hernandez, Tristan Hume, Josh Jacobson, Scott Johnston, Shauna Kravec, Catherine Olsson, Sam Ringer, Eli Tran-Johnson, Dario Amodei, Tom Brown, Nicholas Joseph, Sam McCandlish, Chris Olah, Jared Kaplan, and Jack Clark. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Daniel Gao, Yantao Jia, Lei Li, Chengzhen Fu, Zhicheng Dou, Hao Jiang, Xinyu Zhang, Lei Chen, and Zhao Cao. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Language models (mostly) know what they know
Saurav Kadavath, Tom Conerly, Amanda Askell, Tom Henighan, Dawn Drain, Ethan Perez, Nicholas Schiefer, Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Nova DasSarma, Eli Tran-Johnson, Scott Johnston, Sheer El Showk, Andy Jones, Nelson Elhage, Tristan Hume, Anna Chen, Yuntao Bai, Sam Bowman, Stanislav Fort, Deep Ganguli, Danny Hernandez, Josh Jacobson, Jackson Kernion, Shauna Kravec, Liane Lovitt, Kamal Ndousse, Catherine Olsson, Sam Ringer, Dario Amodei, Tom Brown, Jack Clark, Nicholas Joseph, Ben Mann, Sam McCandlish, Chris Olah, and Jared Kaplan. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
On the usefulness of the fit-on-the-test view on evaluating calibration of classifiers
Markus Kängsepp, Kaspar Valk, and Meelis Kull. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Holistic evaluation of language models
Percy Liang, Rishi Bommasani, Tony Lee, Dimitris Tsipras, Dilara Soylu, Michihiro Yasunaga, Yian Zhang, Deepak Narayanan, Yuhuai Wu, Ananya Kumar, Benjamin Newman, Binhang Yuan, Bobby Yan, Ce Zhang, Christian Cosgrove, Christopher D. Manning, Christopher Ré, Diana Acosta-Navas, Drew A. Hudson, Eric Zelikman, Esin Durmus, Faisal Ladhak, Frieda Rong, Hongyu Ren, Huaxiu Yao, Jue Wang, Keshav Santhanam, Laurel J. Orr, Lucia Zheng, Mert Yüksekgönül, Mirac Suzgun, Nathan Kim, Neel Guha, Niladri S. Chatterji, Omar Khattab, Peter Henderson, Qian Huang, Ryan Chi, Sang Michael Xie, Shibani Santurkar, Surya Ganguli, Tatsunori Hashimoto, Thomas Icard, Tianyi Zhang, Vishrav Chaudhary, William Wang, Xuechen Li, Yifan Mai, Yuhui Zhang, and Yuta Koreeda. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Teaching models to express their uncertainty in words
Stephanie Lin, Jacob Hilton, and Owain Evans. 2022a · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Truthfulqa: Measuring how models mimic human falsehoods
Stephanie Lin, Jacob Hilton, and Owain Evans. 2022b · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
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Facilitating fine-grained detection of chinese toxic language: Hierarchical taxonomy, resources, and benchmarks
Junyu Lu, Bo Xu, Xiaokun Zhang, Changrong Min, Liang Yang, and Hongfei Lin. 2023 · 2023
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Selfcheckgpt: Zero-resource black-box hallucination detection for generative large language models
Potsawee Manakul, Adian Liusie, and Mark J. F. Gales. 2023 · 2023
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Automatically document care with the Dragon Ambient eXperience
Nuance. 2023 · 2023
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Large language models sensitivity to the order of options in multiple-choice questions
Pouya Pezeshkpour and Estevam Hruschka. 2023 · 2023
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Leveraging large language models for multiple choice question answering
Joshua Robinson and David Wingate. 2023 · 2023
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On second thought, let’s not think step by step! bias and toxicity in zero-shot reasoning
Omar Shaikh, Hongxin Zhang, William Held, Michael S. Bernstein, and Diyi Yang. 2023 · 2023
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Towards expert-level medical question answering with large language models
Karan Singhal, Tao Tu, Juraj Gottweis, Rory Sayres, Ellery Wulczyn, Le Hou, Kevin Clark, Stephen Pfohl, Heather Cole-Lewis, Darlene Neal, Mike Schaekermann, Amy Wang, Mohamed Amin, Sami Lachgar, Philip Andrew Mansfield, Sushant Prakash, Bradley Green, Ewa Dominowska, Blaise Agüera y Arcas, Nenad Tomasev, Yun Liu, Renee Wong, Christopher Semturs, S. Sara Mahdavi, Joelle K. Barral, Dale R. Webster, Gregory S. Corrado, Yossi Matias, Shekoofeh Azizi, Alan Karthikesalingam, and Vivek Natarajan. 2023 · 2023
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Large language models are not fair evaluators
Peiyi Wang, Lei Li, Liang Chen, Dawei Zhu, Binghuai Lin, Yunbo Cao, Qi Liu, Tianyu Liu, and Zhifang Sui. 2023 · 2023
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CARE-MI: chinese benchmark for misinformation evaluation in maternity and infant care
Tong Xiang, Liangzhi Li, Wangyue Li, Mingbai Bai, Lu Wei, Bowen Wang, and Noa Garcia. 2023 · 2023
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GLM-130B: an open bilingual pre-trained model
Aohan Zeng, Xiao Liu, Zhengxiao Du, Zihan Wang, Hanyu Lai, Ming Ding, Zhuoyi Yang, Yifan Xu, Wendi Zheng, Xiao Xia, Weng Lam Tam, Zixuan Ma, Yufei Xue, Jidong Zhai, Wenguang Chen, Zhiyuan Liu, Peng Zhang, Yuxiao Dong, and Jie Tang. 2023 · 2023
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Judging llm-as-a-judge with mt-bench and chatbot arena
Lianmin Zheng, Wei-Lin Chiang, Ying Sheng, Siyuan Zhuang, Zhanghao Wu, Yonghao Zhuang, Zi Lin, Zhuohan Li, Dacheng Li, Eric P. Xing, Hao Zhang, Joseph E. Gonzalez, and Ion Stoica. 2023 · 2023
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Universal and transferable adversarial attacks on aligned language models
Andy Zou, Zifan Wang, J. Zico Kolter, and Matt Fredrikson. 2023 · 2023
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