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We present an approach called Q-probing to adapt a pre-trained language model to maximize a task-specific reward function.
Rank analysis of incomplete block designs: I. the method of paired comparisons
Ralph Allan Bradley and Milton E. Terry · 1952
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Variance reduction techniques for gradient estimates in reinforcement learning
Evan Greensmith, Peter L Bartlett, and Jonathan Baxter · 2004
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Adam: A method for stochastic optimization
Diederik P Kingma and Jimmy Ba · 2014
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Trust region policy optimization
John Schulman, Sergey Levine, Pieter Abbeel, Michael Jordan, and Philipp Moritz · 2015
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Understanding intermediate layers using linear classifier probes
Guillaume Alain and Yoshua Bengio · 2016
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Probing classifiers: Promises, shortcomings, and advances
Yonatan Belinkov · 2016
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Thinking fast and slow with deep learning and tree search
Thomas Anthony, Zheng Tian, and David Barber · 2017
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Deep reinforcement learning from human preferences
Paul F Christiano, Jan Leike, Tom Brown, Miljan Martic, Shane Legg, and Dario Amodei · 2017
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Learning to generate reviews and discovering sentiment
Alec Radford, Rafal Jozefowicz, and Ilya Sutskever · 2017
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Proximal policy optimization algorithms
John Schulman, Filip Wolski, Prafulla Dhariwal, Alec Radford, and Oleg Klimov · 2017
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Representation learning with contrastive predictive coding
Aaron van den Oord, Yazhe Li, and Oriol Vinyals · 2018
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Unsupervised feature learning via non-parametric instance discrimination
Zhirong Wu, Yuanjun Xiong, Stella X Yu, and Dahua Lin · 2018
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A structural probe for finding syntax in word representations
John Hewitt and Christopher D Manning · 2019
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The curious case of neural text degeneration
Ari Holtzman, Jan Buys, Li Du, Maxwell Forbes, and Yejin Choi · 2019
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Unsupervised discovery of interpretable directions in the gan latent space
Andrey Voynov and Artem Babenko · 2020
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Program synthesis with large language models
Jacob Austin, Augustus Odena, Maxwell Nye, Maarten Bosma, Henryk Michalewski, David Dohan, Ellen Jiang, Carrie Cai, Michael Terry, Quoc Le, et al · 2021
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Evaluating large language models trained on code
Mark Chen, Jerry Tworek, Heewoo Jun, Qiming Yuan, Henrique Ponde de Oliveira Pinto, Jared Kaplan, Harri Edwards, Yuri Burda, Nicholas Joseph, Greg Brockman, et al · 2021
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Training verifiers to solve math word problems
Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian, Mark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias Plappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro Nakano, Christopher Hesse, and John Schulman · 2021
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Turbotransformers: an efficient gpu serving system for transformer models
Jiarui Fang, Yang Yu, Chengduo Zhao, and Jie Zhou · 2021
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Lora: Low-rank adaptation of large language models
Edward J Hu, Yelong Shen, Phillip Wallis, Zeyuan Allen-Zhu, Yuanzhi Li, Shean Wang, Lu Wang, and Weizhu Chen · 2021
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Fantastically ordered prompts and where to find them: Overcoming few-shot prompt order sensitivity
Yao Lu, Max Bartolo, Alastair Moore, Sebastian Riedel, and Pontus Stenetorp · 2021
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A primer in bertology: What we know about how bert works
Anna Rogers, Olga Kovaleva, and Anna Rumshisky · 2021
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Bitfit: Simple parameter-efficient fine-tuning for transformer-based masked language-models
Elad Ben Zaken, Shauli Ravfogel, and Yoav Goldberg · 2021
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A framework for the evaluation of code generation models
Loubna Ben Allal, Niklas Muennighoff, Logesh Kumar Umapathi, Ben Lipkin, and Leandro von Werra · 2022
Llemma: An open language model for mathematics
Zhangir Azerbayev, Hailey Schoelkopf, Keiran Paster, Marco Dos Santos, Stephen McAleer, Albert Q Jiang, Jia Deng, Stella Biderman, and Sean Welleck · 2023
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Learning to generate better than your llm
Jonathan D Chang, Kiante Brantley, Rajkumar Ramamurthy, Dipendra Misra, and Wen Sun · 2023
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Raft: Reward ranked finetuning for generative foundation model alignment
Hanze Dong, Wei Xiong, Deepanshu Goyal, Rui Pan, Shizhe Diao, Jipeng Zhang, Kashun Shum, and Tong Zhang · 2023
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Human-centered loss functions (halos)
Kawin Ethayarajh, Winnie Xu, Dan Jurafsky, and Douwe Kiela · 2023
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Scaling laws for reward model overoptimization
Leo Gao, John Schulman, and Jacob Hilton · 2023
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Understanding dataset difficulty with v v -usable information
Kawin Ethayarajh, Yejin Choi, and Swabha Swayamdipta · 2022
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Red teaming language models to reduce harms: Methods, scaling behaviors, and lessons learned
Deep Ganguli, Liane Lovitt, Jackson Kernion, Amanda Askell, Yuntao Bai, Saurav Kadavath, Ben Mann, Ethan Perez, Nicholas Schiefer, Kamal Ndousse, et al · 2022
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Pal: Program-aided language models
Luyu Gao, Aman Madaan, Shuyan Zhou, Uri Alon, Pengfei Liu, Yiming Yang, Jamie Callan, and Graham Neubig · 2022
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Editing models with task arithmetic
Gabriel Ilharco, Marco Tulio Ribeiro, Mitchell Wortsman, Suchin Gururangan, Ludwig Schmidt, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, and Ali Farhadi · 2022
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Emergent world representations: Exploring a sequence model trained on a synthetic task
Kenneth Li, Aspen K Hopkins, David Bau, Fernanda Viégas, Hanspeter Pfister, and Martin Wattenberg · 2022
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Rethinking the role of demonstrations: What makes in-context learning work?
Sewon Min, Xinxi Lyu, Ari Holtzman, Mikel Artetxe, Mike Lewis, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, and Luke Zettlemoyer · 2022
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Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback
Long Ouyang, Jeffrey Wu, Xu Jiang, Diogo Almeida, Carroll Wainwright, Pamela Mishkin, Chong Zhang, Sandhini Agarwal, Katarina Slama, Alex Ray, et al · 2022
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Reinforced self-training (rest) for language modeling
Caglar Gulcehre, Tom Le Paine, Srivatsan Srinivasan, Ksenia Konyushkova, Lotte Weerts, Abhishek Sharma, Aditya Siddhant, Alex Ahern, Miaosen Wang, Chenjie Gu, et al · 2023
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Openassistant conversations–democratizing large language model alignment
Andreas Köpf, Yannic Kilcher, Dimitri von Rütte, Sotiris Anagnostidis, Zhi-Rui Tam, Keith Stevens, Abdullah Barhoum, Nguyen Minh Duc, Oliver Stanley, Richárd Nagyfi, et al · 2023
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Starcoder: may the source be with you!
Raymond Li, Loubna Ben Allal, Yangtian Zi, Niklas Muennighoff, Denis Kocetkov, Chenghao Mou, Marc Marone, Christopher Akiki, Jia Li, Jenny Chim, et al · 2023
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Few-shot fine-tuning vs. in-context learning: A fair comparison and evaluation
Marius Mosbach, Tiago Pimentel, Shauli Ravfogel, Dietrich Klakow, and Yanai Elazar · 2023
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Direct preference optimization: Your language model is secretly a reward model
Rafael Rafailov, Archit Sharma, Eric Mitchell, Stefano Ermon, Christopher D Manning, and Chelsea Finn · 2023
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Code llama: Open foundation models for code
Baptiste Roziere, Jonas Gehring, Fabian Gloeckle, Sten Sootla, Itai Gat, Xiaoqing Ellen Tan, Yossi Adi, Jingyu Liu, Tal Remez, Jérémy Rapin, et al · 2023
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In-context impersonation reveals large language models’ strengths and biases
Leonard Salewski, Stephan Alaniz, Isabel Rio-Torto, Eric Schulz, and Zeynep Akata · 2023
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Reflexion: an autonomous agent with dynamic memory and self-reflection
Noah Shinn, Beck Labash, and Ashwin Gopinath · 2023
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Beyond human data: Scaling self-training for problem-solving with language models
Avi Singh, John D Co-Reyes, Rishabh Agarwal, Ankesh Anand, Piyush Patil, Peter J Liu, James Harrison, Jaehoon Lee, Kelvin Xu, Aaron Parisi, et al · 2023
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Llama: Open and efficient foundation language models
Hugo Touvron, Thibaut Lavril, Gautier Izacard, Xavier Martinet, Marie-Anne Lachaux, Timothée Lacroix, Baptiste Rozière, Naman Goyal, Eric Hambro, Faisal Azhar, et al · 2023
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Tree of thoughts: Deliberate problem solving with large language models
Shunyu Yao, Dian Yu, Jeffrey Zhao, Izhak Shafran, Thomas L Griffiths, Yuan Cao, and Karthik Narasimhan · 2023
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Scaling relationship on learning mathematical reasoning with large language models
Zheng Yuan, Hongyi Yuan, Chengpeng Li, Guanting Dong, Chuanqi Tan, and Chang Zhou · 2023
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Superposed decoding: Multiple generations from a single autoregressive inference pass
Ethan Shen, Alan Fan, Sarah M Pratt, Jae Sung Park, Matthew Wallingford, Sham M Kakade, Ari Holtzman, Ranjay Krishna, Ali Farhadi, and Aditya Kusupati · 2024
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