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Text-to-image (T2I) models have emerged as a significant advancement in generative AI; however, there exist safety concerns regarding their potential to produce harmful image outputs even when users input seemingly safe prompts.
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Discrimination in Online Ad Delivery
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Unequal Representation and Gender Stereotypes in Image Search Results for Occupations
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Engineering a Safer World: Systems Thinking Applied to Safety
Leveson, N. G. 2016 · 2016
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The Problem with Bias: Allocative Versus Representational Harms in Machine Learning
Barocas, S.; Crawford, K.; Shapiro, A.; and Wallach, H. 2017 · 2017
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Men Also Like Shopping: Reducing Gender Bias Amplification Using Corpus-level Constraints
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Bias Amplification in Artificial Intelligence Systems
Lloyd, K. 2018 · 2018
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Reducing Gender Bias in Abusive Language Detection
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Getting Gender Right in Neural Machine Translation
Vanmassenhove, E.; Hardmeier, C.; and Way, A. 2018 · 2018
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Fairness and Machine Learning
Barocas, S.; Hardt, M.; and Narayanan, A. 2019 · 2019
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Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code
Benjamin, R. 2019 · 2019
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Feature-Wise Bias Amplification
Leino, K.; Black, E.; Fredrikson, M.; Sen, S.; and Datta, A. 2019 · 2019
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Algorithmic Realism: Expanding the Boundaries of Algorithmic Thought
Green, B.; and Viljoen, S. 2020 · 2020
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Are You Sure Your Software Will Not Kill Anyone?
Leveson, N. 2020 · 2020
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Multimodal Datasets: Misogyny, Pornography, and Malignant Stereotypes
Birhane, A.; Prabhu, V. U.; and Kahembwe, E. 2021 · 2021
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Denton, E.; Díaz, M.; Kivlichan, I.; Prabhakaran, V.; and Rosen, R. 2021 · 2021
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Harms of Gender Exclusivity and Challenges in Non-Binary Representation in Language Technologies
Dev, S.; Monajatipoor, M.; Ovalle, A.; Subramonian, A.; Phillips, J. M.; and Chang, K.-W. 2021 · 2021
Typology of Risks of Generative Text-to-Image Models
Bird, C.; Ungless, E.; and Kasirzadeh, A. 2023 · 2023
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Into the LAIONs Den: Investigating Hate in Multimodal Datasets
Birhane, A.; Prabhu, V.; Han, S.; Boddeti, V. N.; and Luccioni, A. S. 2023 · 2023
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DALL-Eval: Probing the Reasoning Skills and Social Biases of Text-to-Image Generation Models
Cho, J.; Zala, A.; and Bansal, M. 2023 · 2023
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SoUnD Framework: Analyzing (So)cial Representation in (Un)structured (D)ata
Díaz, M.; Dev, S.; Reif, E.; Denton, E.; and Prabhakaran, V. 2023 · 2023
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Safety and Fairness for Content Moderation in Generative Models
Hao, S.; Kumar, P.; Laszlo, S.; Poddar, S.; Radharapu, B.; and Shelby, R. 2023 · 2023
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Representational Harms in Image Tagging. Beyond Fair Computer Vision Workshop at CVPR 2021 (2021)
Katzman, J.; Barocas, S.; Blodgett, S. L.; Laird, K.; Scheuerman, M. K.; and Wallach, H. 2021 · 2021
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Bias Out-of-the-Box: An Empirical Analysis of Intersectional Occupational Biases in Popular Generative Language Models
Kirk, H. R.; Jun, Y.; Volpin, F.; Iqbal, H.; Benussi, E.; Dreyer, F.; Shtedritski, A.; and Asano, Y. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
A Survey on Bias and Fairness in Machine Learning
Mehrabi, N.; Morstatter, F.; Saxena, N.; Lerman, K.; and Galstyan, A. 2021 · 2021
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Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision
Radford, A.; Kim, J. W.; Hallacy, C.; Ramesh, A.; Goh, G.; Agarwal, S.; Sastry, G.; Askell, A.; Mishkin, P.; Clark, J.; Krueger, G.; and Sutskever, I. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Directional Bias Amplification
Wang, A.; and Russakovsky, O. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
#SeeItBeIt: What Families are Seeing on TV
Baruah, S.; Bose, D.; Conroy, M.; Narayanan, S. S.; Ricco, S.; Singh, K.; and Somandepalli, K. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Dealing with Disagreements: Looking Beyond the Majority Vote in Subjective Annotations
Davani, A. M.; Díaz, M.; and Prabhakaran, V. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
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Show me a ”Male Nurse”! How Gender Bias is Reflected in the Query Formulation of Search Engine Users
Kopeinik, S.; Mara, M.; Ratz, L.; Krieg, K.; Schedl, M.; and Rekabsaz, N. 2023 · 2023
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Gender Equality and Artificial Intelligence: SDG 5 and the Role of the UN in Fighting Stereotypes, Biases, and Gender Discrimination , 153–180
Lütz, F. 2023 · 2023
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Social Biases through the Text-to-Image Generation Lens
Naik, R.; and Nushi, B. 2023 · 2023
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Dall-E 2
Open AI. 2023 · 2023
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Adversarial Nibbler: A Data-Centric Challenge for Improving the Safety of Text-to-Image Models
Parrish, A.; Kirk, H. R.; Quaye, J.; Rastogi, C.; Bartolo, M.; Inel, O.; Ciro, J.; Mosquera, R.; Howard, A.; Cukierski, W.; Sculley, D.; Reddi, V. J.; and Aroyo, L. 2023 · 2023
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AI’s Regimes of Representation: A Community-Centered Study of Text-to-Image Models in South Asia
Qadri, R.; Shelby, R.; Bennett, C. L.; and Denton, E. 2023 · 2023
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Unsafe Diffusion: On the Generation of Unsafe Images and Hateful Memes From Text-To-Image Models
Qu, Y.; Shen, X.; He, X.; Backes, M.; Zannettou, S.; and Zhang, Y. 2023 · 2023
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Beyond the ML Model: Applying Safety Engineering Frameworks to Text-to-Image Development
Rismani, S.; Shelby, R.; Smart, A.; Delos Santos, R.; Moon, A.; and Rostamzadeh, N. 2023 · 2023
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Safe Latent Diffusion: Mitigating Inappropriate Degeneration in Diffusion Models
Schramowski, P.; Brack, M.; Deiseroth, B.; and Kersting, K. 2023 · 2023
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Sociotechnical Harms of Algorithmic Systems: Scoping a Taxonomy for Harm Reduction
Shelby, R.; Rismani, S.; Henne, K.; Moon, A.; Rostamzadeh, N.; Nicholas, P.; Yilla-Akbari, N.; Gallegos, J.; Smart, A.; Garcia, E.; and Virk, G. 2023 · 2023
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What the DAAM: Interpreting Stable Diffusion Using Cross Attention
Tang, R.; Liu, L.; Pandey, A.; Jiang, Z.; Yang, G.; Kumar, K.; Stenetorp, P.; Lin, J.; and Ture, F. 2023 · 2023
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Data Feedback Loops: Model-driven Amplification of Dataset Biases
Taori, R.; and Hashimoto, T. 2023 · 2023
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Sociotechnical Safety Evaluation of Generative AI Systems
Weidinger, L.; Rauh, M.; Marchal, N.; Manzini, A.; Hendricks, L. A.; Mateos-Garcia, J.; Bergman, S.; Kay, J.; Griffin, C.; Bariach, B.; Gabriel, I.; Rieser, V.; and Isaac, W. 2023 · 2023
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Men Also Do Laundry: Multi-Attribute Bias Amplification
Zhao, D.; Andrews, J.; and Xiang, A. 2023 · 2023
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Quaye, J.; Parrish, A.; Inel, O.; Rastogi, C.; Kirk, H. R.; Kahng, M.; van Liemt, E.; Bartolo, M.; Tsang, J.; White, J.; Clement, N.; Mosquera, R.; Ciro, J.; Reddi, V. J.; and Aroyo, L. 2024 · 2024
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