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Perception of offensiveness is inherently subjective, shaped by the lived experiences and socio-cultural values of the perceivers.
The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations
Reuben M Baron and David A Kenny. 1986 · 1986
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Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy, white women
Nancy E Adler, Elissa S Epel, Grace Castellazzo, and Jeannette R Ickovics. 2000 · 2000
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Empathy, ways of knowing, and interdependence as mediators of gender differences in attitudes toward hate speech and freedom of speech
Gloria Cowan and Désirée Khatchadourian. 2003 · 2003
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Systematic and random disagreement and the reliability of nominal data
Klaus Krippendorff. 2008 · 2008
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Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations
Jesse Graham, Jonathan Haidt, and Brian A Nosek. 2009 · 2009
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Beyond weird: Towards a broad-based behavioral science
Joseph Henrich, Steven J Heine, and Ara Norenzayan. 2010 · 2010
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Dimensionalizing cultures: The hofstede model in context
Geert Hofstede. 2011 · 2011
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Moral foundations theory: The pragmatic validity of moral pluralism
Jesse Graham, Jonathan Haidt, Sena Koleva, Matt Motyl, Ravi Iyer, Sean P Wojcik, and Peter H Ditto. 2013 · 2013
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Learning whom to trust with mace
Dirk Hovy, Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick, Ashish Vaswani, and Eduard Hovy. 2013 · 2013
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Truth is a lie: Crowd truth and the seven myths of human annotation
Lora Aroyo and Chris Welty. 2015 · 2015
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The impact of culture on creativity: How cultural tightness and cultural distance affect global innovation crowdsourcing work
Roy YJ Chua, Yannig Roth, and Jean-François Lemoine. 2015 · 2015
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Crowdsourcing disagreement for collecting semantic annotation
Anca Dumitrache. 2015 · 2015
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How do cultural differences impact the quality of sarcasm annotation?: A case study of indian annotators and american text
Aditya Joshi, Pushpak Bhattacharyya, Mark Carman, Jaya Saraswati, and Rajita Shukla. 2016 · 2016
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Are you a racist or am i seeing things? annotator influence on hate speech detection on twitter
Zeerak Waseem. 2016 · 2016
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Digital speech and democratic culture: A theory of freedom of expression for the information society
Jack M Balkin. 2017 · 2017
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A survey on hate speech detection using natural language processing
Anna Schmidt and Michael Wiegand. 2017 · 2017
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Ex machina: Personal attacks seen at scale
Ellery Wulczyn, Nithum Thain, and Lucas Dixon. 2017 · 2017
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Large scale crowdsourcing and characterization of twitter abusive behavior
Antigoni Founta, Constantinos Djouvas, Despoina Chatzakou, Ilias Leontiadis, Jeremy Blackburn, Gianluca Stringhini, Athena Vakali, Michael Sirivianos, and Nicolas Kourtellis. 2018 · 2018
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Online hate interpretation varies by country, but more by individual: A statistical analysis using crowdsourced ratings
Joni Salminen, Fabio Veronesi, Hind Almerekhi, Soon-Gvo Jung, and Bernard J Jansen. 2018 · 2018
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Free speech and the regulation of social media content
Valerie C Brannon. 2019 · 2019
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Are we modeling the task or the annotator? an investigation of annotator bias in natural language understanding datasets
Mor Geva, Yoav Goldberg, and Jonathan Berant. 2019 · 2019
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Annotating social media data from vulnerable populations: Evaluating disagreement between domain experts and graduate student annotators
Desmond Patton, Philipp Blandfort, William Frey, Michael Gaskell, and Svebor Karaman. 2019 · 2019
Dealing with disagreements: Looking beyond the majority vote in subjective annotations
Aida Mostafazadeh Davani, Mark Díaz, and Vinodkumar Prabhakaran. 2022 · 2022
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Improving alignment of dialogue agents via targeted human judgements
Amelia Glaese, Nat McAleese, Maja Trębacz, John Aslanides, Vlad Firoiu, Timo Ewalds, Maribeth Rauh, Laura Weidinger, Martin Chadwick, Phoebe Thacker, Lucy Campbell-Gillingham, Jonathan Uesato, Po-Sen Huang, Ramona Comanescu, Fan Yang, Abigail See, Sumanth Dathathri, Rory Greig, Charlie Chen, Doug Fritz, Jaume Sanchez Elias, Richard Green, Soňa Mokrá, Nicholas Fernando, Boxi Wu, Rachel Foley, Susannah Young, Iason Gabriel, William Isaac, John Mellor, Demis Hassabis, Koray Kavukcuoglu, Lisa Anne Hendricks, and Geoffrey Irving. 2022 · 2022
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Is your toxicity my toxicity? exploring the impact of rater identity on toxicity annotation
Nitesh Goyal, Ian D Kivlichan, Rachel Rosen, and Lucy Vasserman. 2022 · 2022
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Challenges and strategies in cross-cultural NLP
Daniel Hershcovich, Stella Frank, Heather Lent, Miryam de Lhoneux, Mostafa Abdou, Stephanie Brandl, Emanuele Bugliarello, Laura Cabello Piqueras, Ilias Chalkidis, Ruixiang Cui, Constanza Fierro, Katerina Margatina, Phillip Rust, and Anders Søgaard. 2022 · 2022
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Online hate ratings vary by extremes: A statistical analysis
Joni Salminen, Hind Almerekhi, Ahmed Mohamed Kamel, Soon-gyo Jung, and Bernard J Jansen. 2019 · 2019
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The digital services act: Ensuring a safe and accountable online environment
European Commission. 2020 · 2020
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Moral foundations twitter corpus: A collection of 35k tweets annotated for moral sentiment
Joe Hoover, Gwenyth Portillo-Wightman, Leigh Yeh, Shreya Havaldar, Aida Mostafazadeh Davani, Ying Lin, Brendan Kennedy, Mohammad Atari, Zahra Kamel, Madelyn Mendlen, et al. 2020 · 2020
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Beyond western, educated, industrial, rich, and democratic (weird) psychology: Measuring and mapping scales of cultural and psychological distance
Michael Muthukrishna, Adrian V Bell, Joseph Henrich, Cameron M Curtin, Alexander Gedranovich, Jason McInerney, and Braden Thue. 2020 · 2020
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Toxic comment classification challenge
Jigsaw. 2018 · 2021
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Unintended bias in toxicity classification
Jigsaw. 2019 · 2021
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Zachary Kenton, Tom Everitt, Laura Weidinger, Iason Gabriel, Vladimir Mikulik, and Geoffrey Irving. 2021 · 2021
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Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback
Long Ouyang, Jeffrey Wu, Xu Jiang, Diogo Almeida, Carroll Wainwright, Pamela Mishkin, Chong Zhang, Sandhini Agarwal, Katarina Slama, Alex Ray, et al. 2022 · 2022
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A human rights-based approach to responsible ai
Vinodkumar Prabhakaran, Margaret Mitchell, Timnit Gebru, and Iason Gabriel. 2022 · 2022
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Annotators with attitudes: How annotator beliefs and identities bias toxic language detection
Maarten Sap, Swabha Swayamdipta, Laura Vianna, Xuhui Zhou, Yejin Choi, and Noah A. Smith. 2022 · 2022
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Adversarial glue: A multi-task benchmark for robustness evaluation of language models
Boxin Wang, Chejian Xu, Shuohang Wang, Zhe Gan, Yu Cheng, Jianfeng Gao, Ahmed Hassan Awadallah, and Bo Li. 2022 · 2022
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The reasonable effectiveness of diverse evaluation data
Lora Aroyo, Mark Diaz, Christopher Homan, Vinodkumar Prabhakaran, Alex Taylor, and Ding Wang. 2023 · 2023
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Morality beyond the weird: How the nomological network of morality varies across cultures
Mohammad Atari, Jonathan Haidt, Jesse Graham, Sena Koleva, Sean T Stevens, and Morteza Dehghani. 2023 · 2023
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Tanmay Garg, Sarah Masud, Tharun Suresh, and Tanmoy Chakraborty. 2023 · 2023
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FACT SHEET: President Biden Issues Executive Order on Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence
MultiMedia LLC. 2023 · 2023
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Why don’t you do it right? analysing annotators’ disagreement in subjective tasks
Marta Sandri, Elisa Leonardelli, Sara Tonelli, and Elisabetta Ježek. 2023 · 2023
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NLPositionality: Characterizing design biases of datasets and models
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Beyond the imitation game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language models
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