Built on

C. Herdeiro, I. Perapechka, E. Radu, and Y. Shnir, Phys. Lett. B 797
Original
1906
Earlier work this paper cites.
W. Israel, Phys. Rev. 164
1967
Earlier work this paper cites.
W. Israel, Commun. Math. Phys. 8
1968
Earlier work this paper cites.
D. J. Kaup, Phys. Rev. 172
1968
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F. J. Zerilli, Phys. Rev. D 2
1970
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W. Schonauer and R. Weiss, J. Comput. Appl. Math. 27
1989
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M. Gleiser and R. Watkins, Nucl. Phys. B319
1989
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O. A. Basaran and L. E. Scriven, Physics of Fluids A: Fluid Dynamics 1
1989
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E. Seidel and W.-M. Suen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72
1994
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S. H. Hawley and M. W. Choptuik, Phys. Rev. D62
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F. E. Schunck and E. W. Mielke, Class. Quant. Grav. 20
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D. Duft, T. Achtzehn, R. Müller, B. A. Huber, and T. Leisner, Nature 421
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Original
2009
Cited alongside, same era.
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Then

L. Hui, J. P. Ostriker, S. Tremaine, and E. Witten, Phys. Rev. D 95
Original
2017
Later among the works it cites.
C. A. R. Herdeiro and E. Radu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119
Original
2017
Later among the works it cites.
C. A. R. Herdeiro, A. M. Pombo, and E. Radu, Phys. Lett. B 773
Original
2017
Later among the works it cites.
F. Di Giovanni, N. Sanchis-Gual, C. A. R. Herdeiro, and J. A. Font, Phys. Rev. D98
Original
2018
Later among the works it cites.
N. Sanchis-Gual, F. Di Giovanni, M. Zilhão, C. Herdeiro, P. Cerdá-Durán, J. Font, and E. Radu, Physical Review Letters 123
2019
Later among the works it cites.

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2023

The non-spherical ground state of Proca stars

Herdeiro, C. A. R., Radu, E., Sanchis-Gual, N. et al.

Understand

Spherical Proca Stars (PSs) are regarded as the ground state amongst the family of PSs.

In accordance, spherical PSs are thought to have a fundamental branch of stable solutions.
In this Letter, we provide energetic, morphological and dynamical evidence that spherical PSs are actually excited states.
The ground state is shown to be a family of static, non-spherical, in fact prolate, PSs.

Built on

C. Herdeiro, I. Perapechka, E. Radu, and Y. Shnir, Phys. Lett. B 797
Original
1906
Earlier work this paper cites.
W. Israel, Phys. Rev. 164
1967
Earlier work this paper cites.
W. Israel, Commun. Math. Phys. 8
1968
Earlier work this paper cites.
D. J. Kaup, Phys. Rev. 172
1968
Earlier work this paper cites.
F. J. Zerilli, Phys. Rev. D 2
1970
Earlier work this paper cites.
W. Schonauer and R. Weiss, J. Comput. Appl. Math. 27
1989
Earlier work this paper cites.
M. Gleiser and R. Watkins, Nucl. Phys. B319
1989
Earlier work this paper cites.
O. A. Basaran and L. E. Scriven, Physics of Fluids A: Fluid Dynamics 1
1989
Earlier work this paper cites.
E. Seidel and W.-M. Suen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72
1994
Earlier work this paper cites.
S. H. Hawley and M. W. Choptuik, Phys. Rev. D62
2000
Earlier work this paper cites.

Similar

F. E. Schunck and E. W. Mielke, Class. Quant. Grav. 20
Original
2003
Cited alongside, same era.
D. Duft, T. Achtzehn, R. Müller, B. A. Huber, and T. Leisner, Nature 421
2003
Cited alongside, same era.
C. A. R. Herdeiro, J. Kunz, I. Perapechka, E. Radu, and Y. Shnir, Phys. Lett. B 812
Original
2008
Cited alongside, same era.
J. Calderón Bustillo, N. Sanchis-Gual, A. Torres-Forné, J. A. Font, A. Vajpeyi, R. Smith, C. Herdeiro, E. Radu, and S. H. W. Leong, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126
Original
2009
Cited alongside, same era.
J. C. Burton and P. Taborek, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106
2011
Cited alongside, same era.

Then

L. Hui, J. P. Ostriker, S. Tremaine, and E. Witten, Phys. Rev. D 95
Original
2017
Later among the works it cites.
C. A. R. Herdeiro and E. Radu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119
Original
2017
Later among the works it cites.
C. A. R. Herdeiro, A. M. Pombo, and E. Radu, Phys. Lett. B 773
Original
2017
Later among the works it cites.
F. Di Giovanni, N. Sanchis-Gual, C. A. R. Herdeiro, and J. A. Font, Phys. Rev. D98
Original
2018
Later among the works it cites.
N. Sanchis-Gual, F. Di Giovanni, M. Zilhão, C. Herdeiro, P. Cerdá-Durán, J. Font, and E. Radu, Physical Review Letters 123
2019
Later among the works it cites.

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S. L. Liebling and C. Palenzuela, Living Rev. Rel. 15

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2012

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A. Suárez, V. H. Robles, and T. Matos, Astrophys. Space Sci. Proc. 38

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2014

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R. Brito, V. Cardoso, C. A. R. Herdeiro, and E. Radu, Phys. Lett. B752

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2016

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C. A. R. Herdeiro, A. M. Pombo, E. Radu, P. V. P. Cunha, and N. Sanchis-Gual, JCAP 04

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Φ \Phi denotes a complex scalar field with mass μ \mu and complex conjugate Φ ∗ \Phi^{*} . As usual G G , is Newton’s constant, g g the metric determinant and R R the Ricci scalar

Cited in the paper.

These non-linear versions turn on other Y ℓ m Y_{\ell m} for a given ‘seed’ solution, but the original harmonic dominates asymptotically. Same holds below for the vector case

Cited in the paper.

H. Olivares, Z. Younsi, C. M. Fromm, M. De Laurentis, O. Porth, Y. Mizuno, H. Falcke, M. Kramer, and L. Rezzolla, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 497

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2020

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N. Sanchis-Gual, J. Calderón Bustillo, C. Herdeiro, E. Radu, J. A. Font, S. H. W. Leong, and A. Torres-Forné, Phys. Rev. D 106

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2022

Later among the works it cites.

M. Brito, C. Herdeiro, E. Radu, N. Sanchis-Gual, and M. Zilhão, Phys. Rev. D 107

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2023

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H. Witek, M. Zilhao, G. Bozzola, C.-H. Cheng, A. Dima, M. Elley, G. Ficarra, T. Ikeda, R. Luna, C. Richards, N. Sanchis-Gual, H. Silva, and U. Sperhake, “Canuda: a public numerical relativity library to probe fundamental physics,” (2023)

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