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Scaling up the number of parameters of language models has proven to be an effective approach to improve performance.
REALM: Retrieval-augmented language model pre-training
Kelvin Guu, Kenton Lee, Zora Tung, Panupong Pasupat, and Ming-Wei Chang. 2020 · 2002
Earlier work this paper cites.
Gshard: Scaling giant models with conditional computation and automatic sharding
Dmitry Lepikhin, HyoukJoong Lee, Yuanzhong Xu, Dehao Chen, Orhan Firat, Yanping Huang, Maxim Krikun, Noam Shazeer, and Zhifeng Chen. 2020 · 2006
Earlier work this paper cites.
Semantic parsing on Freebase from question-answer pairs
Jonathan Berant, Andrew Chou, Roy Frostig, and Percy Liang. 2013 · 2013
Earlier work this paper cites.
TriviaQA: A large scale distantly supervised challenge dataset for reading comprehension
Mandar Joshi, Eunsol Choi, Daniel Weld, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2017 · 2017
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Outrageously large neural networks: The sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts layer
Noam Shazeer, *Azalia Mirhoseini, *Krzysztof Maziarz, Andy Davis, Quoc Le, Geoffrey Hinton, and Jeff Dean. 2017 · 2017
Earlier work this paper cites.
Attention is all you need
Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N. Gomez, Łukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. 2017 · 2017
Earlier work this paper cites.
JAX: composable transformations of Python+NumPy programs
James Bradbury, Roy Frostig, Peter Hawkins, Matthew James Johnson, Chris Leary, Dougal Maclaurin, George Necula, Adam Paszke, Jake VanderPlas, Skye Wanderman-Milne, and Qiao Zhang. 2018 · 2018
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SentencePiece: A simple and language independent subword tokenizer and detokenizer for neural text processing
Taku Kudo and John Richardson. 2018 · 2018
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FEVER: a large-scale dataset for fact extraction and VERification
James Thorne, Andreas Vlachos, Christos Christodoulopoulos, and Arpit Mittal. 2018 · 2018
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Natural questions: A benchmark for question answering research
Tom Kwiatkowski, Jennimaria Palomaki, Olivia Redfield, Michael Collins, Ankur Parikh, Chris Alberti, Danielle Epstein, Illia Polosukhin, Jacob Devlin, Kenton Lee, Kristina Toutanova, Llion Jones, Matthew Kelcey, Ming-Wei Chang, Andrew M. Dai, Jakob Uszkoreit, Quoc Le, and Slav Petrov. 2019 · 2019
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Latent retrieval for weakly supervised open domain question answering
Kenton Lee, Ming-Wei Chang, and Kristina Toutanova. 2019 · 2019
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Language models are few-shot learners
Tom B. Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Sandhini Agarwal, Ariel Herbert-Voss, Gretchen Krueger, Tom Henighan, Rewon Child, Aditya Ramesh, Daniel M. Ziegler, Jeffrey Wu, Clemens Winter, Christopher Hesse, Mark Chen, Eric Sigler, Mateusz Litwin, Scott Gray, Benjamin Chess, Jack Clark, Christopher Berner, Sam McCandlish, Alec Radford, Ilya Sutskever, and Dario Amodei. 2020 · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
Entities as experts: Sparse memory access with entity supervision
Thibault Févry, Livio Baldini Soares, Nicholas FitzGerald, Eunsol Choi, and Tom Kwiatkowski. 2020 · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
Scaling laws for neural language models
Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, Tom Henighan, Tom B. Brown, Benjamin Chess, Rewon Child, Scott Gray, Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, and Dario Amodei. 2020 · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer
Colin Raffel, Noam Shazeer, Adam Roberts, Katherine Lee, Sharan Narang, Michael Matena, Yanqi Zhou, Wei Li, and Peter J. Liu. 2020 · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
How much knowledge can you pack into the parameters of a language model?
Adam Roberts, Colin Raffel, and Noam Shazeer. 2020 · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
Knowledge graph based synthetic corpus generation for knowledge-enhanced language model pre-training
Oshin Agarwal, Heming Ge, Siamak Shakeri, and Rami Al-Rfou. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Efficient large scale language modeling with mixtures of experts
Mikel Artetxe, Shruti Bhosale, Naman Goyal, Todor Mihaylov, Myle Ott, Sam Shleifer, Xi Victoria Lin, Jingfei Du, Srinivasan Iyer, Ramakanth Pasunuru, et al. 2021 · 2021
Knowledge prompts: Injecting world knowledge into language models through soft prompts
Cicero Nogueira dos Santos, Zhe Dong, Daniel Cer, John Nham, Siamak Shakeri, Jianmo Ni, and Yun hsuan Sung. 2022 · 2022
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Glam: Efficient scaling of language models with mixture-of-experts
Nan Du, Yanping Huang, Andrew M Dai, Simon Tong, Dmitry Lepikhin, Yuanzhong Xu, Maxim Krikun, Yanqi Zhou, Adams Wei Yu, Orhan Firat, et al. 2022 · 2022
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Switch transformers: Scaling to trillion parameter models with simple and efficient sparsity
William Fedus, Barret Zoph, and Noam Shazeer. 2022 · 2022
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Locating and editing factual associations in GPT
Kevin Meng, David Bau, Alex J Andonian, and Yonatan Belinkov. 2022 · 2022
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Multimodal contrastive learning with limoe: the language-image mixture of experts
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Cited alongside, same era.
Transformer feed-forward layers are key-value memories
Mor Geva, Roei Schuster, Jonathan Berant, and Omer Levy. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Scaling vision with sparse mixture of experts
Carlos Riquelme, Joan Puigcerver, Basil Mustafa, Maxim Neumann, Rodolphe Jenatton, André Susano Pinto, Daniel Keysers, and Neil Houlsby. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Hash layers for large sparse models
Stephen Roller, Sainbayar Sukhbaatar, Arthur Szlam, and Jason E Weston. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Adaptable and interpretable neural MemoryOver symbolic knowledge
Pat Verga, Haitian Sun, Livio Baldini Soares, and William Cohen. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Palm: Scaling language modeling with pathways
Aakanksha Chowdhery, Sharan Narang, Jacob Devlin, Maarten Bosma, Gaurav Mishra, Adam Roberts, Paul Barham, Hyung Won Chung, Charles Sutton, Sebastian Gehrmann, Parker Schuh, Kensen Shi, Sasha Tsvyashchenko, Joshua Maynez, Abhishek Rao, Parker Barnes, Yi Tay, Noam Shazeer, Vinodkumar Prabhakaran, Emily Reif, Nan Du, Ben Hutchinson, Reiner Pope, James Bradbury, Jacob Austin, Michael Isard, Guy Gur-Ari, Pengcheng Yin, Toju Duke, Anselm Levskaya, Sanjay Ghemawat, Sunipa Dev, Henryk Michalewski, Xavier Garcia, Vedant Misra, Kevin Robinson, Liam Fedus, Denny Zhou, Daphne Ippolito, David Luan, Hyeontaek Lim, Barret Zoph, Alexander Spiridonov, Ryan Sepassi, David Dohan, Shivani Agrawal, Mark Omernick, Andrew M. Dai, Thanumalayan Sankaranarayana Pillai, Marie Pellat, Aitor Lewkowycz, Erica Moreira, Rewon Child, Oleksandr Polozov, Katherine Lee, Zongwei Zhou, Xuezhi Wang, Brennan Saeta, Mark Diaz, Orhan Firat, Michele Catasta, Jason Wei, Kathy Meier-Hellstern, Douglas Eck, Jeff Dean, Slav Petrov, and Noah Fiedel. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Knowledge neurons in pretrained transformers
Damai Dai, Li Dong, Yaru Hao, Zhifang Sui, Baobao Chang, and Furu Wei. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Mention memory: incorporating textual knowledge into transformers through entity mention attention
Michiel de Jong, Yury Zemlyanskiy, Nicholas FitzGerald, Fei Sha, and William W. Cohen. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Basil Mustafa, Carlos Riquelme, Joan Puigcerver, Rodolphe Jenatton, and Neil Houlsby. 2022 · 2022
Later among the works it cites.
Scaling up models and data with t5x and seqio
Adam Roberts, Hyung Won Chung, Anselm Levskaya, Gaurav Mishra, James Bradbury, Daniel Andor, Sharan Narang, Brian Lester, Colin Gaffney, Afroz Mohiuddin, et al. 2022 · 2022
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Byt5: Towards a token-free future with pre-trained byte-to-byte models
Linting Xue, Aditya Barua, Noah Constant, Rami Al-Rfou, Sharan Narang, Mihir Kale, Adam Roberts, and Colin Raffel. 2022 · 2022
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MoEfication: Transformer feed-forward layers are mixtures of experts
Zhengyan Zhang, Yankai Lin, Zhiyuan Liu, Peng Li, Maosong Sun, and Jie Zhou. 2022 · 2022
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Mixture-of-experts with expert choice routing
Yanqi Zhou, Tao Lei, Hanxiao Liu, Nan Du, Yanping Huang, Vincent Zhao, Andrew Dai, Zhifeng Chen, Quoc Le, and James Laudon. 2022 · 2022
Later among the works it cites.
St-moe: Designing stable and transferable sparse expert models
Barret Zoph, Irwan Bello, Sameer Kumar, Nan Du, Yanping Huang, Jeff Dean, Noam Shazeer, and William Fedus. 2022 · 2022
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Megablocks: Efficient sparse training with mixture-of-experts
Trevor Gale, Deepak Narayanan, Cliff Young, and Matei Zaharia. 2023 · 2023
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Llama: Open and efficient foundation language models
Hugo Touvron, Thibaut Lavril, Gautier Izacard, Xavier Martinet, Marie-Anne Lachaux, Timothée Lacroix, Baptiste Rozière, Naman Goyal, Eric Hambro, Faisal Azhar, Aurelien Rodriguez, Armand Joulin, Edouard Grave, and Guillaume Lample. 2023 · 2023
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