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In recent years, language models have drastically grown in size, and the abilities of these models have been shown to improve with scale.
Language models are few-shot learners
Tom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared D Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Sandhini Agarwal, Ariel Herbert-Voss, Gretchen Krueger, Tom Henighan, Rewon Child, Aditya Ramesh, Daniel Ziegler, Jeffrey Wu, Clemens Winter, Chris Hesse, Mark Chen, Eric Sigler, Mateusz Litwin, Scott Gray, Benjamin Chess, Jack Clark, Christopher Berner, Sam McCandlish, Alec Radford, Ilya Sutskever, and Dario Amodei. 2020 · 1901
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Roberta: A robustly optimized bert pretraining approach
Yinhan Liu, Myle Ott, Naman Goyal, Jingfei Du, Mandar Joshi, Danqi Chen, Omer Levy, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov. 2019 · 1907
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Megatron-lm: Training multi-billion parameter language models using model parallelism
Mohammad Shoeybi, Mostofa Patwary, Raul Puri, Patrick LeGresley, Jared Casper, and Bryan Catanzaro. 2019 · 1909
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The levenberg-marquardt algorithm: implementation and theory
Jorge J Moré. 1978 · 1978
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Scaling laws for neural language models
Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, Tom Henighan, Tom B Brown, Benjamin Chess, Rewon Child, Scott Gray, Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, and Dario Amodei. 2020 · 2001
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Cost-effectiveness analysis and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios: uses and pitfalls
Kiran Bambha and W Ray Kim. 2004 · 2004
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The goldilocks principle: Reading children’s books with explicit memory representations
Felix Hill, Antoine Bordes, Sumit Chopra, and Jason Weston. 2015 · 2015
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Jimmy Lei Ba, Jamie Ryan Kiros, and Geoffrey E Hinton. 2016 · 2016
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Decoupled weight decay regularization
Ilya Loshchilov and Frank Hutter. 2017 · 2017
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Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding
Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2018 · 2018
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Glue: A multi-task benchmark and analysis platform for natural language understanding
Alex Wang, Amanpreet Singh, Julian Michael, Felix Hill, Omer Levy, and Samuel R Bowman. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Language models are unsupervised multitask learners
Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, Rewon Child, David Luan, Dario Amodei, Ilya Sutskever, et al. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Winogrande: An adversarial winograd schema challenge at scale
Keisuke Sakaguchi, Ronan Le Bras, Chandra Bhagavatula, and Yejin Choi. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Distilbert, a distilled version of bert: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter
Victor Sanh, Lysandre Debut, Julien Chaumond, and Thomas Wolf. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Well-read students learn better: On the importance of pre-training compact models
Iulia Turc, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
How much pretraining data do language models need to learn syntax?
Laura Pérez-Mayos, Miguel Ballesteros, and Leo Wanner. 2021 · 2021
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Data distributional properties drive emergent in-context learning in transformers
Stephanie CY Chan, Adam Santoro, Andrew Kyle Lampinen, Jane X Wang, Aaditya K Singh, Pierre Harvey Richemond, James McClelland, and Felix Hill. 2022 · 2022
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Palm: Scaling language modeling with pathways
Aakanksha Chowdhery, Sharan Narang, Jacob Devlin, Maarten Bosma, Gaurav Mishra, Adam Roberts, Paul Barham, Hyung Won Chung, Charles Sutton, Sebastian Gehrmann, Parker Schuh, Kensen Shi, Sasha Tsvyashchenko, Joshua Maynez, Abhishek Rao, Parker Barnes, Yi Tay, Noam Shazeer, Vinodkumar Prabhakaran, Emily Reif, Nan Du, Ben Hutchinson, Reiner Pope, James Bradbury, Jacob Austin, Michael Isard, Guy Gur-Ari, Pengcheng Yin, Toju Duke, Anselm Levskaya, Sanjay Ghemawat, Sunipa Dev, Henryk Michalewski, Xavier Garcia, Vedant Misra, Kevin Robinson, Liam Fedus, Denny Zhou, Daphne Ippolito, David Luan, Hyeontaek Lim, Barret Zoph, Alexander Spiridonov, Ryan Sepassi, David Dohan, Shivani Agrawal, Mark Omernick, Andrew M. Dai, Thanumalayan Sankaranarayana Pillai, Marie Pellat, Aitor Lewkowycz, Erica Moreira, Rewon Child, Oleksandr Polozov, Katherine Lee, Zongwei Zhou, Xuezhi Wang, Brennan Saeta, Mark Diaz, Orhan Firat, Michele Catasta, Jason Wei, Kathy Meier-Hellstern, Douglas Eck, Jeff Dean, Slav Petrov, and Noah Fiedel. 2022 · 2022
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Finding the optimal vocabulary size for neural machine translation
Thamme Gowda and Jonathan May. 2020 · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer
Colin Raffel, Noam Shazeer, Adam Roberts, Katherine Lee, Sharan Narang, Michael Matena, Yanqi Zhou, Wei Li, Peter J Liu, et al. 2020 · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
When do you need billions of words of pretraining data?
Yian Zhang, Alex Warstadt, Haau-Sing Li, and Samuel R. Bowman. 2020 · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
Babyberta: Learning more grammar with small-scale child-directed language
Philip A Huebner, Elior Sulem, Fisher Cynthia, and Dan Roth. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Using lexical context to discover the noun category: Younger children have it easier
Philip A Huebner and Jon A Willits. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
William Fedus, Barret Zoph, and Noam Shazeer. 2022 · 2022
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Alexa teacher model: Pretraining and distilling multi-billion-parameter encoders for natural language understanding systems
Jack FitzGerald, Shankar Ananthakrishnan, Konstantine Arkoudas, Davide Bernardi, Abhishek Bhagia, Claudio Delli Bovi, Jin Cao, Rakesh Chada, Amit Chauhan, Luoxin Chen, et al. 2022 · 2022
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Training compute-optimal large language models
Jordan Hoffmann, Sebastian Borgeaud, Arthur Mensch, Elena Buchatskaya, Trevor Cai, Eliza Rutherford, Diego de Las Casas, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Johannes Welbl, Aidan Clark, Tom Hennigan, Eric Noland, Katie Millican, George van den Driessche, Bogdan Damoc, Aurelia Guy, Simon Osindero, Karen Simonyan, Erich Elsen, Jack W. Rae, Oriol Vinyals, and Laurent Sifre. 2022 · 2022
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Beyond neural scaling laws: beating power law scaling via data pruning
Ben Sorscher, Robert Geirhos, Shashank Shekhar, Surya Ganguli, and Ari S. Morcos. 2022 · 2022
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Scale efficiently: Insights from pretraining and finetuning transformers
Yi Tay, Mostafa Dehghani, Jinfeng Rao, William Fedus, Samira Abnar, Hyung Won Chung, Sharan Narang, Dani Yogatama, Ashish Vaswani, and Donald Metzler. 2022 · 2022
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Is neural language acquisition similar to natural? a chronological probing study
Ekaterina Voloshina, , Oleg Serikov, Tatiana Shavrina, and and. 2022 · 2022
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Aligning books and movies: Towards story-like visual explanations by watching movies and reading books
Yukun Zhu, Ryan Kiros, Rich Zemel, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, Raquel Urtasun, Antonio Torralba, and Sanja Fidler. 2015 · 2022
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