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Recent research has suggested that there are clear differences in the language used in the Dark Web compared to that of the Surface Web.
Min-wise independent permutations
Andrei Z Broder, Moses Charikar, Alan M Frieze, and Michael Mitzenmacher. 2000 · 2000
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Tor: The Second-Generation onion router
Roger Dingledine, Nick Mathewson, and Paul Syverson. 2004 · 2004
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Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python
F. Pedregosa, G. Varoquaux, A. Gramfort, V. Michel, B. Thirion, O. Grisel, M. Blondel, P. Prettenhofer, R. Weiss, V. Dubourg, J. Vanderplas, A. Passos, D. Cournapeau, M. Brucher, M. Perrot, and E. Duchesnay. 2011 · 2011
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Trawling for tor hidden services: Detection, measurement, deanonymization
Alex Biryukov, Ivan Pustogarov, and Ralf-Philipp Weinmann. 2013 · 2013
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GloVe: Global vectors for word representation
Jeffrey Pennington, Richard Socher, and Christopher Manning. 2014 · 2014
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Spoiled onions: Exposing malicious tor exit relays
Philipp Winter, Richard Köwer, Martin Mulazzani, Markus Huber, Sebastian Schrittwieser, Stefan Lindskog, and Edgar Weippl. 2014 · 2014
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Measuring the longitudinal evolution of the online anonymous marketplace ecosystem
Kyle Soska and Nicolas Christin. 2015 · 2015
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Threat intelligence: What it is, and how to use it effectively
Matt Bromiley. 2016 · 2016
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Acing the ioc game: Toward automatic discovery and analysis of open-source cyber threat intelligence
Xiaojing Liao, Kan Yuan, XiaoFeng Wang, Zhou Li, Luyi Xing, and Raheem Beyah. 2016 · 2016
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Classifying illegal activities on tor network based on web textual contents
Mhd Wesam Al Nabki, Eduardo Fidalgo, Enrique Alegre, and Ivan de Paz. 2017 · 2017
Cited alongside, same era.
Litecoin emerges as the next dominant dark web currency
Andrei Barysevich and Alexandr Solad. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Reading thieves’ cant: Automatically identifying and understanding dark jargons from cybercrime marketplaces
Kan Yuan, Haoran Lu, Xiaojing Liao, and XiaoFeng Wang. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Torank: Identifying the most influential suspicious domains in the tor network
Mhd Wesam Al-Nabki, Eduardo Fidalgo, Enrique Alegre, and Laura Fernández-Robles. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
The language of legal and illegal activity on the Darknet
Leshem Choshen, Dan Eldad, Daniel Hershcovich, Elior Sulem, and Omri Abend. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Pytorch: An imperative style, high-performance deep learning library
Adam Paszke, Sam Gross, Francisco Massa, Adam Lerer, James Bradbury, Gregory Chanan, Trevor Killeen, Zeming Lin, Natalia Gimelshein, Luca Antiga, Alban Desmaison, Andreas Kopf, Edward Yang, Zachary DeVito, Martin Raison, Alykhan Tejani, Sasank Chilamkurthy, Benoit Steiner, Lu Fang, Junjie Bai, and Soumith Chintala. 2019 · 2019
Later among the works it cites.
Doppelgängers on the dark web: A large-scale assessment on phishing hidden web services
Changhoon Yoon, Kwanwoo Kim, Yongdae Kim, Seungwon Shin, and Sooel Son. 2019 · 2019
Later among the works it cites.
Transformers: State-of-the-art natural language processing
Thomas Wolf, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien Chaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi, Pierric Cistac, Tim Rault, Remi Louf, Morgan Funtowicz, Joe Davison, Sam Shleifer, Patrick von Platen, Clara Ma, Yacine Jernite, Julien Plu, Canwen Xu, Teven Le Scao, Sylvain Gugger, Mariama Drame, Quentin Lhoest, and Alexander Rush. 2020 · 2020
Later among the works it cites.
Does BERT pretrained on clinical notes reveal sensitive data?
Eric Lehman, Sarthak Jain, Karl Pichotta, Yoav Goldberg, and Byron Wallace. 2021 · 2021
Later among the works it cites.
Avaddon ransomware: An in-depth analysis and decryption of infected systems
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Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Classification of illegal activities on the dark web
Siyu He, Yongzhong He, and Mingzhe Li. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Cybercriminal minds: An investigative study of cryptocurrency abuses in the dark web
Seunghyeon Lee, Changhoon Yoon, Heedo Kang, Yeonkeun Kim, Yongdae Kim, Dongsu Han, Sooel Son, and Shin Seungwon. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Roberta: A robustly optimized bert pretraining approach
Yinhan Liu, Myle Ott, Naman Goyal, Jingfei Du, Mandar Joshi, Danqi Chen, Omer Levy, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Fasttext.zip: Compressing text classification models
Armand Joulin, Edouard Grave, Piotr Bojanowski, Matthijs Douze, Hervé Jégou, and Tomás Mikolov. 2016a
Cited in the paper.
Bag of tricks for efficient text classification
Armand Joulin, Edouard Grave, Piotr Bojanowski, and Tomás Mikolov. 2016b
Cited in the paper.
Javier Yuste and Sergio Pastrana. 2021 · 2021
Later among the works it cites.
Self-supervised euphemism detection and identification for content moderation
Wanzheng Zhu, Hongyu Gong, Rohan Bansal, Zachary Weinberg, Nicolas Christin, Giulia Fanti, and Suma Bhat. 2021 · 2021
Later among the works it cites.
Shedding new light on the language of the dark web
Youngjin Jin, Eugene Jang, Yongjae Lee, Seungwon Shin, and Jin-Woo Chung. 2022 · 2022
Later among the works it cites.
The dark side of the language: Pre-trained transformers in the darknet
Leonardo Ranaldi, Aria Nourbakhsh, Arianna Patrizi, Elena Sofia Ruzzetti, Dario Onorati, Francesca Fallucchi, and Fabio Massimo Zanzotto. 2022 · 2022
Later among the works it cites.