Built on

D. W. Fiske, “Consistency of the Factorial Structures of Personality Ratings from Different Sources,” The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , vol. 44, no. 3, p. 329, 1949
1949
Earlier work this paper cites.
K. C. Myers and I. Briggs, “The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: Manual,” 1962
1962
Earlier work this paper cites.
D. J. Pittenger, “The Utility of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator,” Review of Educational Research , vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 467–488, 1993
Original
1993
Earlier work this paper cites.
A. S. Gerber, G. A. Huber, D. Doherty, and C. M. Dowling, “The Big Five Personality Traits in the Political Arena,” Annual Review of Political Science , vol. 14, pp. 265–287, 2011
2011
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Y. Weisberg, C. Deyoung, and J. Hirsh, “Gender Differences in Personality Across the Ten Aspects of the Big Five,” Frontiers in Psychology , vol. 2, p. 178, 2011
2011
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A. Vaswani, N. Shazeer, N. Parmar, J. Uszkoreit, L. Jones, A. N. Gomez, Ł. Kaiser, and I. Polosukhin, “Attention Is All You Need,” Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems , vol. 30, 2017
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A. Radford, K. Narasimhan, T. Salimans, I. Sutskever et al. , “Improving Language Understanding by Generative Pre-training,” OpenAI , 2018
2018
Earlier work this paper cites.
J. Devlin, M.-W. Chang, K. Lee, and K. Toutanova, “BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding,” arXiv:1810.04805 , 2018
Original
2018
Earlier work this paper cites.

Similar

M. D. Laméris, R. Jong-A-Pin, and R. Wiese, “An Experimental Test of the Validity of Survey-Measured Political Ideology,” 2018
2018
Cited alongside, same era.
M. Moshagen, B. E. Hilbig, and I. Zettler, “The Dark Core of Personality,” Psychological Review , vol. 125, no. 5, p. 656, 2018
2018
Cited alongside, same era.
A. Radford, J. Wu, R. Child, D. Luan, D. Amodei, I. Sutskever et al. , “Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners,” OpenAI , 2019
2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Y. Liu, M. Ott, N. Goyal, J. Du, M. Joshi, D. Chen, O. Levy, M. Lewis, L. Zettlemoyer, and V. Stoyanov, “RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach,” arXiv:1907.11692 , 2019
Original
2019
Cited alongside, same era.
M. H. Amirhosseini and H. Kazemian, “Machine Learning Approach to Personality Type Prediction based on the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator,” Multimodal Technologies and Interaction , vol. 4, no. 1, p. 9, 2020

Then

R. W. McGee, “Is Chat GPT Biased against Conservatives? An Empirical Study,” 2023
2023
Closest in time.
C. Zhou, Q. Li, and C. Li, “A Comprehensive Survey on Pretrained Foundation Models: A History from BERT to ChatGPT,” arXiv:2302.09419 , 2023
Original
2023
Closest in time.
M. van den Broek, “ChatGPT’s Left-leaning Liberal Bias,” University of Leiden , 2023
2023
Closest in time.
J. Hartmann, J. Schwenzow, and M. Witte, “The Political Ideology of Conversational AI: Converging Evidence on ChatGPT’s Pro-environmental, Left-libertarian Orientation,” arXiv:2301.01768 , 2023
Original
2023
Closest in time.
D. Rozado, “Danger in the Machine: The Perils of Political and Demographic Biases Embedded in AI Systems,” 2023
2023
Closest in time.

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Reading the bibliography…

2023

The Self-Perception and Political Biases of ChatGPT

Rutinowski, Jérôme, Franke, Sven, Endendyk, Jan et al.

Understand

This contribution analyzes the self-perception and political biases of OpenAI's Large Language Model ChatGPT.

Taking into account the first small-scale reports and studies that have emerged, claiming that ChatGPT is politically biased towards progressive and libertarian points of view, this contribution aims to provide further clarity on this subject.
For this purpose, ChatGPT was asked to answer the questions posed by the political compass test as well as similar questionnaires that are specific to the respective politics of the G7 member states.
These eight tests were repeated ten times each and revealed that ChatGPT seems to hold a bias towards progressive views.

Built on

D. W. Fiske, “Consistency of the Factorial Structures of Personality Ratings from Different Sources,” The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , vol. 44, no. 3, p. 329, 1949
1949
Earlier work this paper cites.
K. C. Myers and I. Briggs, “The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: Manual,” 1962
1962
Earlier work this paper cites.
D. J. Pittenger, “The Utility of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator,” Review of Educational Research , vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 467–488, 1993
Original
1993
Earlier work this paper cites.
A. S. Gerber, G. A. Huber, D. Doherty, and C. M. Dowling, “The Big Five Personality Traits in the Political Arena,” Annual Review of Political Science , vol. 14, pp. 265–287, 2011
2011
Earlier work this paper cites.
Y. Weisberg, C. Deyoung, and J. Hirsh, “Gender Differences in Personality Across the Ten Aspects of the Big Five,” Frontiers in Psychology , vol. 2, p. 178, 2011
2011
Earlier work this paper cites.
A. Vaswani, N. Shazeer, N. Parmar, J. Uszkoreit, L. Jones, A. N. Gomez, Ł. Kaiser, and I. Polosukhin, “Attention Is All You Need,” Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems , vol. 30, 2017
2017
Earlier work this paper cites.
A. Radford, K. Narasimhan, T. Salimans, I. Sutskever et al. , “Improving Language Understanding by Generative Pre-training,” OpenAI , 2018
2018
Earlier work this paper cites.
J. Devlin, M.-W. Chang, K. Lee, and K. Toutanova, “BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding,” arXiv:1810.04805 , 2018
Original
2018
Earlier work this paper cites.

Similar

M. D. Laméris, R. Jong-A-Pin, and R. Wiese, “An Experimental Test of the Validity of Survey-Measured Political Ideology,” 2018
2018
Cited alongside, same era.
M. Moshagen, B. E. Hilbig, and I. Zettler, “The Dark Core of Personality,” Psychological Review , vol. 125, no. 5, p. 656, 2018
2018
Cited alongside, same era.
A. Radford, J. Wu, R. Child, D. Luan, D. Amodei, I. Sutskever et al. , “Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners,” OpenAI , 2019
2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Y. Liu, M. Ott, N. Goyal, J. Du, M. Joshi, D. Chen, O. Levy, M. Lewis, L. Zettlemoyer, and V. Stoyanov, “RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach,” arXiv:1907.11692 , 2019
Original
2019
Cited alongside, same era.
M. H. Amirhosseini and H. Kazemian, “Machine Learning Approach to Personality Type Prediction based on the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator,” Multimodal Technologies and Interaction , vol. 4, no. 1, p. 9, 2020

Then

R. W. McGee, “Is Chat GPT Biased against Conservatives? An Empirical Study,” 2023
2023
Closest in time.
C. Zhou, Q. Li, and C. Li, “A Comprehensive Survey on Pretrained Foundation Models: A History from BERT to ChatGPT,” arXiv:2302.09419 , 2023
Original
2023
Closest in time.
M. van den Broek, “ChatGPT’s Left-leaning Liberal Bias,” University of Leiden , 2023
2023
Closest in time.
J. Hartmann, J. Schwenzow, and M. Witte, “The Political Ideology of Conversational AI: Converging Evidence on ChatGPT’s Pro-environmental, Left-libertarian Orientation,” arXiv:2301.01768 , 2023
Original
2023
Closest in time.
D. Rozado, “Danger in the Machine: The Perils of Political and Demographic Biases Embedded in AI Systems,” 2023
2023
Closest in time.

Beyond the bibliography

alphaXiv searches the wider corpus for related work and actual follow-ups.

Open on alphaXiv

alphaXiv is searching for related work…

2020

Cited alongside, same era.

I. Zettler, M. Moshagen, and B. E. Hilbig, “Stability and Change: The Dark Factor of Personality Shapes Dark Traits,” Social Psychological and Personality Science , vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 974–983, 2021

2021

Cited alongside, same era.

C. D. Manning, “Human Language Understanding & Reasoning,” Daedalus , vol. 151, no. 2, pp. 127–138, 2022

2022

Cited alongside, same era.

Y. LeCun, “Do Large Language Models Need Sensory Grounding for Meaning and Understanding?” Courant Institute & Center for Data Science, New York University , 2023

2023

Cited alongside, same era.

OpenAI. OpenAI - ChatGPT. [Online]. Available: https://help.openai.com/en/articles/6825453-chatgpt-release-notes

Cited in the paper.

Future of Life Institute. Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter. [Online]. Available: https://futureoflife.org/open-letter/pause-giant-ai-experiments/

Cited in the paper.

Pace News Ltd. Political Compass Test. [Online]. Available: https://www.politicalcompass.org

Cited in the paper.

iSideWith.com LLC. iSideWith Political Questionnaires. [Online]. Available: https://www.isidewith.com

Cited in the paper.

R. W. McGee, “Who Were the 10 Best and 10 Worst US Presidents? The Opinion of Chat GPT (Artificial Intelligence),” 2023

2023

Closest in time.

F. Motoki, V. Pinho Neto, and V. Rodrigues, “More Human than Human: Measuring ChatGPT Political Bias,” Social Sciences Research Network 4372349 , 2023

2023

Closest in time.

D. Rozado, “The Political Biases of ChatGPT,” Social Sciences , vol. 12, no. 3, p. 148, 2023

2023

Closest in time.