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Existing foundation models are trained on copyrighted material.
471 U.S. 539, 562, 1985
Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enters · 1985
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471 U.S. 539, 1985
Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises · 1985
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982 F.2d 693, 2d Cir. 1992
Computer Associates Intern., Inc. v. Altai, Inc · 1992
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977 F. 2d 1510, 9th Cir. 1992
Sega Enterprises Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc · 1992
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Safeguarding style: What protection is afforded to visual artists by the copyright and trademark laws
Michelle Brownlee · 1993
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510 U.S. 569, 1994
Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc · 1994
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Rethinking the compatibility of moral rights and fair use
Dane S Ciolino · 1997
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109 F.3d 1394, 9th Cir. 1997
Dr. Seuss Enters., LP v. Penguin Books USA, Inc · 1997
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166 F.3d 65, 69, 2d Cir. 1999
Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc. v. Comline Bus. Data Inc · 1999
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Database protection at the crossroads: recent development and their impact on science and technology
Jerome H Reichman and Paul F Uhlir · 1999
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77 F.Supp.2d 1116, 1122, aff’d and rev’d in part on other grounds, 336 F.3d 811 (9th Cir. 2003), C.D. Cal. 1999
Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp · 1999
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203 F. 3d 496, 9th Cir. 2000
Sony Computer Entertainment v. Connectix Corp · 2000
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All the world’s not a stooge: The transformativeness test for analyzing a first amendment defense to a right of publicity claim against distribution of a work of art
F Jay Dougherty · 2003
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334 F.3d 643, 645-646, 7th Cir. 2003
In re Aimster Copyright Litig · 2003
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Winnowing: local algorithms for document fingerprinting
Saul Schleimer, Daniel S Wilkerson, and Alex Aiken · 2003
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Freedom of speech and the right of publicity
Eugene Volokh · 2003
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412 F.Supp. 2d 1106, D. Nev. 2006
Field v. Google, Inc · 2006
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454 F. Supp. 2d 966, 974, C.D. Cal. 2006
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd · 2006
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575 F. Supp. 2d 513, S.D.N.Y. 2008
Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. v. RDR Books · 2008
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A survey of the dcma’s copyright management information protections: The dmca’s cmi landscape after all headline news and mcclatchey
Susuk Lim · 2010
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607 F.3d 68, 2d Cir. 2010
Salinger v. Colting · 2010
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600 F.3d 93, 2d Cir. 2010
Tiffany v. eBay · 2010
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The story of a character: Establishing the limits of independent copyright protection for literary characters
Samuel J Coe · 2011
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No free lunch in data privacy
Daniel Kifer and Ashwin Machanavajjhala · 2011
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How much is enough? choosing ε \varepsilon for differential privacy
Jaewoo Lee and Chris Clifton · 2011
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784 F. Supp. 2d 398, S.D.N.Y. 2011
Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC · 2011
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No. 2:10-CV-2155 JCM PAL, 2011 WL 2976800, (D. Nev. July 21, 2011)
Righthaven LLC v. Choudhry · 2011
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Gutters and hyperlinks: The dmca and proper position of copyright management information
Russell W Jacobs · 2012
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565 U.S. 302, 2012
Golan v. Holder · 2012
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The top 100 bestselling books of all time
The Guardian · 2012
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Twenty years of bitext
Peter Brown and Bob Mercer · 2013
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When the author owns the world: Copyright issues arising from monetizing fan fiction
Steven D Jamar and Christen Glenn · 2013
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No. 1:12-cv-01087, 156, S.D.N.Y. Mar. 21, 2013
Associated Press v. Meltwater U.S. Holdings, Inc · 2013
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717 F.3d 141, 3d Cir. 2013
Hart v. Elec. Arts, Inc · 2013
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The death of fair use in cyberspace: Youtube and the problem with content id
Taylor B Bartholomew · 2014
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The algorithmic foundations of differential privacy
Cynthia Dwork, Aaron Roth, et al · 2014
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Rappor: Randomized aggregatable privacy-preserving ordinal response
Úlfar Erlingsson, Vasyl Pihur, and Aleksandra Korolova · 2014
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Copyright and the commercialization of fanfiction
Jacqueline D Lipton · 2014
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The next great youtube: improving content id to foster creativity, cooperation, and fair compensation
Benjamin Boroughf · 2015
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721 F.3d 132, 2d Cir. 2015
Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc · 2015
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No. 4:13-cv-02075-JGZ, D. Ariz. May 11, 2015
Penguin Grp. (USA), Inc. v. Am. Buddha · 2015
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Copyright for literate robots
James Grimmelmann · 2015
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804 F.3d 202, 220, 221, 2d. Cir. 2015
Authors Guild v. Google Inc · 2015
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775 F.3d 1172, 9th Cir. 2015
Davis v. Elec. Arts Inc · 2015
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802 F.3d 1012, 9th Cir. 2015
DC Comics v. Towle · 2015
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A copyright right of publicity
Reid Kress Weisbord · 2015
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No. 1:08-cv-01425-ODE, N.D. Ga. Mar. 31, 2016
Cambridge University Press v. Mark P. Becker · 2016
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The ai alignment problem: why it is hard, and where to start
Eliezer Yudkowsky · 2016
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Transformative use in software
Clark D Asay · 2017
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Rational faith: The utility of fairness in copyright
Stephanie Plamondon Bair · 2017
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Prochlo: Strong privacy for analytics in the crowd
Andrea Bittau, Úlfar Erlingsson, Petros Maniatis, Ilya Mironov, Ananth Raghunathan, David Lie, Mitch Rudominer, Ushasree Kode, Julien Tinnes, and Bernhard Seefeld · 2017
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Deep reinforcement learning from human preferences
Paul F Christiano, Jan Leike, Tom Brown, Miljan Martic, Shane Legg, and Dario Amodei · 2017
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Collecting telemetry data privately
Bolin Ding, Janardhan Kulkarni, and Sergey Yekhanin · 2017
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Fair use by design
Niva Elkin-Koren · 2017
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No. 2:15-cv-09938-RGK-E, C.D. Cal. Jan. 3, 2017
Paramount Pictures Corp. v. Axanar Prods., Inc · 2017
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No. 17-cv-386, S.D.N.Y. Sept. 8, 2017
Penguin Random House LLC, et al. v. Frederik Colting and Melissa Medina, d/b/a Moppet Books · 2017
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Do androids dream of electric copyright? comparative analysis of originality in artificial intelligence generated works
Andres Guadamuz · 2017
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Understanding black-box predictions via influence functions
Pang Wei Koh and Percy Liang · 2017
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Common crawl and unlocking web archives for research
Kalev Leetaru · 2017
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873 F.3d 1045, 9th Cir. 2017
Mavrix Photographs, LLC v. Livejournal Inc · 2017
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Saving software’s fair use future
Pamela Samuelson and Clark D Asay · 2017
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Artificial intelligence’s fair use crisis
Benjamin LW Sobel · 2017
Cited alongside, same era.
Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding
Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Nos. 15-3885, 15-3886, 2d Cir. Feb. 27, 2018
Fox News Network, LLC v. TVEyes, Inc · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Generating sentences by editing prototypes
Kelvin Guu, Tatsunori B Hashimoto, Yonatan Oren, and Percy Liang · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Ethical challenges in data-driven dialogue systems
Peter Henderson, Koustuv Sinha, Nicolas Angelard-Gontier, Nan Rosemary Ke, Genevieve Fried, Ryan Lowe, and Joelle Pineau · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
2018 amendment to the japanese copyright act, 2018
Japan · 2018
The General Index
Public Resource · 2021
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Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision
Alec Radford, Jong Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh, Gabriel Goh, Sandhini Agarwal, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Pamela Mishkin, Jack Clark, et al · 2021
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Zero-shot text-to-image generation
Aditya Ramesh, Mikhail Pavlov, Gabriel Goh, Scott Gray, Chelsea Voss, Alec Radford, Mark Chen, and Ilya Sutskever · 2021
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Fair use as cultural appropriation
Trevor G Reed · 2021
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High-resolution image synthesis with latent diffusion models, 2021
Robin Rombach, Andreas Blattmann, Dominik Lorenz, Patrick Esser, and Björn Ommer · 2021
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Text and data mining of in-copyright works: is it legal?
Pamela Samuelson · 2021
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alphaXiv searches the wider corpus for related work and actual follow-ups.
alphaXiv is searching for related work…
Cited alongside, same era.
How copyright law can fix artificial intelligence’s implicit bias problem
Amanda Levendowski · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Dr. seuss, the juice and fair use revisited: Two decades of parody and satire in copyright law
Tyler T Ochoa · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
The new legal landscape for text mining and machine learning
Matthew Sag · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Algorithmic fair use
Dan L Burk · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
The secret sharer: Evaluating and testing unintended memorization in neural networks
Nicholas Carlini, Chang Liu, Úlfar Erlingsson, Jernej Kos, and Dawn Song · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Copyright and the progress of science: Why text and data mining is lawful
Michael W Carroll · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Multitask prompted training enables zero-shot task generalization
Victor Sanh, Albert Webson, Colin Raffel, Stephen H Bach, Lintang Sutawika, Zaid Alyafeai, Antoine Chaffin, Arnaud Stiegler, Teven Le Scao, Arun Raja, et al · 2021
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Laion-400-million open dataset, 2021
Christoph Schuhmann · 2021
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Revisiting methods for finding influential examples
Anders Søgaard et al · 2021
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Rise of the copyleft trolls: When photographers sue after creative commons licenses go awry
Daxton R Stewart · 2021
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Copyright’s techno-pessimist creep
Xiyin Tang · 2021
Later among the works it cites.
Copyright exemptions
U.K. Intellectual Property Office · 2021
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Finetuned language models are zero-shot learners
Jason Wei, Maarten Bosma, Vincent Y Zhao, Kelvin Guu, Adams Wei Yu, Brian Lester, Nan Du, Andrew M Dai, and Quoc V Le · 2021
Later among the works it cites.
3:18-cv-07548, N.D. Cal. 2021
Williams-Sonoma, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc · 2021
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Differentially private fine-tuning of language models
Da Yu, Saurabh Naik, Arturs Backurs, Sivakanth Gopi, Huseyin A Inan, Gautam Kamath, Janardhan Kulkarni, Yin Tat Lee, Andre Manoel, Lukas Wutschitz, et al · 2021
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Counterfactual memorization in neural language models
Chiyuan Zhang, Daphne Ippolito, Katherine Lee, Matthew Jagielski, Florian Tramèr, and Nicholas Carlini · 2021
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Github copilot research recitation
Albert Ziegler · 2021
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Ai data laundering: How academic and nonprofit researchers shield tech companies from accountability
Andy Baio · 2022
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Stella Biderman, Kieran Bicheno, and Leo Gao · 2022
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Some misconceptions about software in the copyright literature
Joshua Bloch and Pamela Samuelson · 2022
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Quantifying memorization across neural language models
Nicholas Carlini, Daphne Ippolito, Matthew Jagielski, Katherine Lee, Florian Tramer, and Chiyuan Zhang · 2022
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Palm: Scaling language modeling with pathways
Aakanksha Chowdhery, Sharan Narang, Jacob Devlin, Maarten Bosma, Gaurav Mishra, Adam Roberts, Paul Barham, Hyung Won Chung, Charles Sutton, Sebastian Gehrmann, et al · 2022
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Unlocking high-accuracy differentially private image classification through scale
Soham De, Leonard Berrada, Jamie Hayes, Samuel L Smith, and Borja Balle · 2022
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4:22-cv-06823, N.D. Cal. 2022
DOE 1 v. GitHub, Inc · 2022
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The BigScience RAIL License
Carlos Muñoz Ferrandis, Danish Contractor, Huu Nguyen, and David Lansky · 2022
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Copyright in generative deep learning
Giorgio Franceschelli and Mirco Musolesi · 2022
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Predictability and surprise in large generative models
Deep Ganguli, Danny Hernandez, Liane Lovitt, Amanda Askell, Yuntao Bai, Anna Chen, Tom Conerly, Nova Dassarma, Dawn Drain, Nelson Elhage, et al · 2022
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Bounding training data reconstruction in private (deep) learning
Chuan Guo, Brian Karrer, Kamalika Chaudhuri, and Laurens van der Maaten · 2022
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Pile of law: Learning responsible data filtering from the law and a 256gb open-source legal dataset
Peter Henderson, Mark S Krass, Lucia Zheng, Neel Guha, Christopher D Manning, Dan Jurafsky, and Daniel E Ho · 2022
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Datamodels: Predicting predictions from training data
Andrew Ilyas, Sung Min Park, Logan Engstrom, Guillaume Leclerc, and Aleksander Madry · 2022
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Preventing verbatim memorization in language models gives a false sense of privacy, 2022
Daphne Ippolito, Florian Tramèr, Milad Nasr, Chiyuan Zhang, Matthew Jagielski, Katherine Lee, Christopher A. Choquette-Choo, and Nicholas Carlini · 2022
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Data governance in the age of large-scale data-driven language technology
Yacine Jernite, Huu Nguyen, Stella Biderman, Anna Rogers, Maraim Masoud, Valentin Danchev, Samson Tan, Alexandra Sasha Luccioni, Nishant Subramani, Isaac Johnson, et al · 2022
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Deduplicating training data mitigates privacy risks in language models
Nikhil Kandpal, Eric Wallace, and Colin Raffel · 2022
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The stack: 3 tb of permissively licensed source code
Denis Kocetkov, Raymond Li, Loubna Ben Allal, Jia Li, Chenghao Mou, Carlos Muñoz Ferrandis, Yacine Jernite, Margaret Mitchell, Sean Hughes, Thomas Wolf, Dzmitry Bahdanau, Leandro von Werra, and Harm de Vries · 2022
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Do language models plagiarize?
Jooyoung Lee, Thai Le, Jinghui Chen, and Dongwon Lee · 2022
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Competition-level code generation with alphacode
Yujia Li, David Choi, Junyoung Chung, Nate Kushman, Julian Schrittwieser, Rémi Leblond, Tom Eccles, James Keeling, Felix Gimeno, Agustin Dal Lago, et al · 2022
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Holistic evaluation of language models
Percy Liang, Rishi Bommasani, Tony Lee, Dimitris Tsipras, Dilara Soylu, Michihiro Yasunaga, Yian Zhang, Deepak Narayanan, Yuhuai Wu, Ananya Kumar, et al · 2022
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Ai, equity, and the ip gap
Daryl Lim · 2022
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Dall·e 2 preview - risks and limitations
Pamela Mishkin, Lama Ahmad, Miles Brundage, Gretchen Krueger, and Girish Sastry · 2022
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Dalle 2 pre-training mitigations
Alex Nichol · 2022
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Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback
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Dreamfusion: Text-to-3d using 2d diffusion
Ben Poole, Ajay Jain, Jonathan T Barron, and Ben Mildenhall · 2022
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Tan without a burn: Scaling laws of dp-sgd
Tom Sander, Pierre Stock, and Alexandre Sablayrolles · 2022
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Formalizing human ingenuity: A quantitative framework for coyright law’s substantial similarity
Sarah Scheffler, Eran Tromer, and Mayank Varia · 2022
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The eu’s copyright directive is still about filters, but eu’s top court limits its use
Christoph Schmon, Filip Lukáš, and Corynne McSherry · 2022
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Diffusion art or digital forgery? investigating data replication in diffusion models
Gowthami Somepalli, Vasu Singla, Micah Goldblum, Jonas Geiping, and Tom Goldstein · 2022
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The class action as licensing and reform device
Xiyin Tang · 2022
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Artists fed up with ai-image generators use mickey mouse to goad copyright lawsuits
Mikael Thalen · 2022
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Getty images bans ai-generated content over fears of legal challenges
James Vincent · 2022
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Taxonomy of risks posed by language models
Laura Weidinger, Jonathan Uesato, Maribeth Rauh, Conor Griffin, Po-Sen Huang, John Mellor, Amelia Glaese, Myra Cheng, Borja Balle, Atoosa Kasirzadeh, et al · 2022
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Opt: Open pre-trained transformer language models
Susan Zhang, Stephen Roller, Naman Goyal, Mikel Artetxe, Moya Chen, Shuohui Chen, Christopher Dewan, Mona Diab, Xian Li, Xi Victoria Lin, et al · 2022
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Extracting training data from diffusion models, 2023
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