Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are often used in low-background particle physics experiments, which rely on an excellent response to single-photon signals and stable long-term operation.
In particular, the Hamamatsu R11410 model is the light sensor of choice for liquid xenon dark matter experiments, including XENONnT.
The same PMT model was also used for the predecessor, XENON1T, where issues affecting its long-term operation were observed.
Here, we report on an improved PMT testing procedure which ensures optimal performance in XENONnT.
Improved quality tests of R11410-21 photomultiplier tubes for the XENONnT experiment · Around
K. Fujii, Y. Endo, Y. Torigoe, S. Nakamura, T. Haruyama, K. Kasami et al., High-accuracy measurement of the emission spectrum of liquid xenon in the vacuum ultraviolet region , Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 795
N. Matsunaga et al., Photomultiplier Tubes: Basics and Applications , Hamamatsu Photonics, 4 ed. (2017)
2017
Later among the works it cites.
DOI: 10.11588/heidok.00023239
L. Rauch, From Final Dark Matter Results and Background Shape Uncertainties in XENON100 to First Light in XENON1T , Ph.D. thesis, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 2017 · 2017
D. Akimov, A. Bolozdynya, Y. Efremenko, V. Kaplin, A. Kovalenko, Y. Melikyan et al., Noise characteristics of low-background Hamamatsu R11410-20 photomultiplier tubes , Instrum. Exp. Tech. 58