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I make two comments about nuclear matter.
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O. Philipsen and J. Scheunert, QCD in the heavy dense regime for general N c
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M. C. Bañuls and K. Cichy, Review on Novel Methods for Lattice Gauge Theories, Rept. Prog. Phys. 83
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A. W. Overhauser, Structure of nuclear matter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 4
1960
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1962
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1974
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G. ’t Hooft, A Two-Dimensional Model for Mesons, Nucl. Phys. B 75
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1975
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S. R. Coleman, More About the Massive Schwinger Model, Annals Phys. 101
1976
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A. B. Migdal, Pion Fields in Nuclear Matter, Rev. Mod. Phys. 50
1978
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1978
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C. Hagen, Action Principle Quantization of the Antisymmetric Tensor Field, Phys. Rev. D 19
1979
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1979
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1979
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1980
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1986
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1986
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1989
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1991
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1991
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1992
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1995
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R. D. Pisarski, Where does the rho go? Chirally symmetric vector mesons in the quark - gluon plasma, Phys. Rev. D 52
1995
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R. Amorim and J. Barcelos-Neto, BV quantization of a vector - tensor gauge theory with topological coupling, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 10
1995
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M. de Wild Propitius and F. Bais, Discrete gauge theories, in CRM-CAP Summer School on Particles and Fields ’94 (1995) pp. 353–439, arXiv:hep-th/9511201
1995
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R. D. Pisarski, Anomalous mesonic interactions near a chiral phase transition, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76
1996
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E. Abdalla and M. Abdalla, Updating QCD in two-dimensions, Phys. Rept. 265
1996
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1997
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1997
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K. Saito, K. Tsushima, and A. W. Thomas, Variation of hadron masses in finite nuclei, Phys. Rev. C 55
1997
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M. Henneaux, V. Lemes, C. Sasaki, S. Sorella, O. Ventura, and L. Vilar, A No go theorem for the nonAbelian topological mass mechanism in four-dimensions, Phys. Lett. B 410
1997
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This is true with either the Stucklelberg Ruegg and Ruiz-Altaba 2004 or B F BF Cremmer and Scherk 1974 ; Hagen 1979 ; Allen et al. 1991 ; Amorim and Barcelos-Neto 1995 ; Henneaux et al. 1997 formalisms. With the B F BF formalism, auxiliary two-index gauge potentials B α β i B^{i}_{\alpha\beta} could be introduced, and defined to transform under 1 1 -form gauge transformations λ α i \lambda^{i}_{\alpha} as B α β i → B α β i − ∂ α λ β i + ∂ β λ α i B^{i}_{\alpha\beta}\rightarrow B^{i}_{\alpha\beta}-\partial_{\alpha}\lambda^{i}_{\beta}+\partial_{\beta}\lambda^{i}_{\alpha} . Adding to the action a 3-index field strength tensor for B α β i B^{i}_{\alpha\beta} , integration over B α β i B^{i}_{\alpha\beta} generates the coupling ∼ κ 2 \sim\kappa^{2} if the B F BF term is chosen as ∼ κ ϵ α β μ ν ϕ i B α β i ℱ μ ν \sim\kappa\,\epsilon^{\alpha\beta\mu\nu}\,\phi^{i}\,B^{i}_{\alpha\beta}\,{\cal F}_{\mu\nu} . However, such a B F BF term is gauge invariant only for constant ϕ i \phi^{i} , and not for a dynamical field, where ∂ α ϕ i ≠ 0 \partial_{\alpha}\phi^{i}\neq 0 . This is unremarkable, given that mass terms for non-Abelian fields, such as the ρ → \vec{\rho} and a → 1 \vec{a}_{1} , also cannot be introduced in a form which respects gauge invariance and unitarity Henneaux et al. 1997 ; Ruegg and Ruiz-Altaba 2004
1997
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H. B. O’Connell, B. Pearce, A. W. Thomas, and A. G. Williams, ρ − ω \rho-\omega mixing, vector meson dominance and the pion form-factor, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 39
1997
Cited alongside, same era.
A. Akmal, V. Pandharipande, and D. Ravenhall, The Equation of state of nucleon matter and neutron star structure, Phys. Rev. C 58
1998
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D. Jido, M. Oka, and A. Hosaka, Chiral symmetry of baryons, Prog. Theor. Phys. 106
2001
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D. Son and M. A. Stephanov, QCD at finite isospin density: From pion to quark - anti-quark condensation, Phys. Atom. Nucl. 64
2001
Cited alongside, same era.
P. Danielewicz, R. Lacey, and W. G. Lynch, Determination of the equation of state of dense matter, Science 298
2002
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2014
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M. Buballa and S. Carignano, Inhomogeneous chiral condensates, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 81
2015
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P. Bedaque and A. W. Steiner, Sound velocity bound and neutron stars, Phys. Rev. Lett. 114
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2002
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L. Tolos and L. Fabbietti, Strangeness in Nuclei and Neutron Stars, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 112
2002
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J. Carriere, C. J. Horowitz, and J. Piekarewicz, Low mass neutron stars and the equation of state of dense matter, Astrophys. J. 593
2003
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2004
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2004
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2015
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V. Metag, Determining the meson-nucleus potential - on the way to mesic states, Hyperfine Interact. 234
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K. Fukushima and T. Kojo, The Quarkyonic Star, Astrophys. J. 817
2016
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2016
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A. Kurkela and A. Vuorinen, Cool quark matter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117
2016
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2016
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2016
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J. Holt, T. T. Kuo, K. Phua, M. Rho, and I. Zahed, eds., Quarks, Nuclei and Stars: Memorial Volume Dedicated to Gerald E Brown (World Scientific, Singapore, 2017)
2017
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F. Giacosa and G. Pagliara, Neutron stars in the large- N c N_{c} limit, Nucl. Phys. A 968
2017
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J. Greensite, Confinement from Center Vortices: A review of old and new results, EPJ Web Conf. 137
2017
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2019
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2019
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Y.-L. Ma and M. Rho, Sound velocity and tidal deformability in compact stars, Phys. Rev. D 100
2019
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L. McLerran and S. Reddy, Quarkyonic Matter and Neutron Stars, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122
2019
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2019
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2019
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This is implicit in the analysis of Ref. Dexheimer et al. 2019 : I thank V. Dexheimer for discussions on the difficulty of eliminating the contribution of the ω 0 \omega_{0} energy in mean field theory
2019
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There are also two other terms with dimensions of inverse mass, Eq. (2) of Ref. Pisarski et al. 2020 , but as these only involve two spatial derivatives, they do not have a dramatic effect
2020
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In Ref. Pisarski et al. 2020 we used the term pionic quantum spin liquid ( π \pi QSL). In this paper I adopt the more accurate term quantum pion liquid (Q π \pi L), as the phenomenon has nothing to do with spin. I thank L. Classen and F. Rennecke for pointing this out and suggesting the term
2020
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2021
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2021
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