Built on

E. Palti, “The Swampland: Introduction and Review,” Fortsch. Phys
Original
1903
Earlier work this paper cites.
B. Bellazzini, F. Riva, J. Serra, and F. Sgarlata, “Massive Higher Spins: Effective Theory and Consistency,” JHEP
Original
1903
Earlier work this paper cites.
J. Kaplan and S. Kundu, “A Species or Weak-Gravity Bound for Large N N Gauge Theories Coupled to Gravity,” JHEP
Original
1904
Earlier work this paper cites.
M. Kologlu, P. Kravchuk, D. Simmons-Duffin, and A. Zhiboedov, “Shocks, Superconvergence, and a Stringy Equivalence Principle,” arXiv:1904.05905 [hep-th]
Original
1904
Earlier work this paper cites.
A. Belin, D. M. Hofman, and G. Mathys, “Einstein gravity from ANEC correlators,” JHEP
Original
1904
Earlier work this paper cites.
N. Arkani-Hamed, Y.-t. Huang, and D. O’Connell, “Kerr black holes as elementary particles,” JHEP
Original
1906
Earlier work this paper cites.
T. Noumi, T. Takeuchi, and S. Zhou, “String Regge trajectory on de Sitter space and implications to inflation,” arXiv:1907.02535 [hep-th]
Original
1907
Earlier work this paper cites.
D. Lüst and E. Palti, “A Note on String Excitations and the Higuchi Bound,” Phys. Lett. B
Original
1907
Earlier work this paper cites.
C. D. White, “Aspects of High Energy Scattering,” arXiv:1909.05177 [hep-th]
Original
1909
Earlier work this paper cites.
S. Melville, D. Roest, and D. Stefanyszyn, “UV Constraints on Massive Spinning Particles: Lessons from the Gravitino,” JHEP
Original
1911
Earlier work this paper cites.
B. Freivogel, T. Gasenzer, A. Hebecker, and S. Leonhardt, “A Conjecture on the Minimal Size of Bound States,” SciPost Phys
Original
1912
Earlier work this paper cites.
S. Weinberg, “Photons and Gravitons in S S -Matrix Theory: Derivation of Charge Conservation and Equality of Gravitational and Inertial Mass,” Phys. Rev
1964
Earlier work this paper cites.
F. A. Cerulus and A. Martin, “A lower bound for large-angle elastic scattering at high energies,” Phys. Lett
1964
Earlier work this paper cites.
V. D. Alfaro], S. Fubini, G. Rossetti, and G. Furlan, “Sum rules for strong interactions,” Physics Letters
1966
Earlier work this paper cites.
F. J. Gilman and H. Harari, “Strong-interaction sum rules for pion-hadron scattering,” Phys. Rev
1968
Earlier work this paper cites.
M. Levy and J. Sucher, “Eikonal approximation in quantum field theory,” Phys. Rev
1969
Earlier work this paper cites.
S. Weinberg, “”Lectures on Elementary Particles and Quantum Field Theory”, edited by S. Deser, No 1, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1970,”
1970
Earlier work this paper cites.
G. Tiktopoulos and S. Treiman, “Relativistic eikonal approximation,” Phys. Rev. D
1971
Earlier work this paper cites.
G. ’t Hooft, “A Planar Diagram Theory for Strong Interactions,” Nucl. Phys
1973
Earlier work this paper cites.
G. ’t Hooft, “A Two-Dimensional Model for Mesons,” Nucl. Phys
1974
Earlier work this paper cites.
E. Witten, “Baryons in the 1/n Expansion,” Nucl. Phys
1979
Earlier work this paper cites.
S. Weinberg and E. Witten, “Limits on Massless Particles,” Phys. Lett. B
1980
Earlier work this paper cites.
M. Karliner, I. R. Klebanov, and L. Susskind, “Size and Shape of Strings,” Int. J. Mod. Phys. A
1981
Earlier work this paper cites.
D. J. Gross and P. F. Mende, “The High-Energy Behavior of String Scattering Amplitudes,” Phys. Lett
1987
Earlier work this paper cites.

Similar

A. Higuchi, “Forbidden Mass Range for Spin-2 Field Theory in De Sitter Space-time,” Nucl. Phys. B
1987
Cited alongside, same era.
D. Amati, M. Ciafaloni, and G. Veneziano, “Superstring Collisions at Planckian Energies,” Phys. Lett. B
1987
Cited alongside, same era.
D. Amati, M. Ciafaloni, and G. Veneziano, “Classical and Quantum Gravity Effects from Planckian Energy Superstring Collisions,” Int. J. Mod. Phys. A
1988
Cited alongside, same era.
D. Amati, M. Ciafaloni, and G. Veneziano, “Can Space-Time Be Probed Below the String Size?,” Phys. Lett. B
1989
Cited alongside, same era.
S. Ferrara, M. Porrati, and V. L. Telegdi, “ g = 2 g=2 as the natural value of the tree-level gyromagnetic ratio of elementary particles,” Phys. Rev. D
1992
Cited alongside, same era.

Then

Cambridge University Press, 1, 2011
J. R. Forshaw and D. Ross, Quantum chromodynamics and the pomeron · 2011
Later among the works it cites.
R. Rahman, “Higher Spin Theory - Part I,” PoS
Original
2012
Later among the works it cites.
D. A. McGady and L. Rodina, “Higher-spin massless S S -matrices in four-dimensions,” Phys. Rev. D
Original
2014
Later among the works it cites.
G. D’Appollonio, P. Di Vecchia, R. Russo, and G. Veneziano, “Regge behavior saves String Theory from causality violations,” JHEP
Original
2015
Later among the works it cites.
X. O. Camanho, J. D. Edelstein, J. Maldacena, and A. Zhiboedov, “Causality Constraints on Corrections to the Graviton Three-Point Coupling,” JHEP
Original
2016

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2020

Closed Strings and Weak Gravity from Higher-Spin Causality

Kaplan, Jared, Kundu, Sandipan

Understand

We combine old and new quantum field theoretic arguments to show that any theory of stable or metastable higher spin particles can be coupled to gravity only when the gravity sector has a stringy structure.

Metastable higher spin particles, free or interacting, cannot couple to gravity while preserving causality unless there exist higher spin states in the gravitational sector much below the Planck scale $M_{\rm pl}$.
We obtain an upper bound on the mass $\Lambda_{\rm gr}$ of the lightest higher spin particle in the gravity sector in terms of quantities in the non-gravitational sector.
We invoke the CKSZ uniqueness theorem to argue that any weakly coupled UV completion of such a theory must have a gravity sector containing infinite towers of asymptotically parallel, equispaced, and linear Regge trajectories.

Built on

E. Palti, “The Swampland: Introduction and Review,” Fortsch. Phys
Original
1903
Earlier work this paper cites.
B. Bellazzini, F. Riva, J. Serra, and F. Sgarlata, “Massive Higher Spins: Effective Theory and Consistency,” JHEP
Original
1903
Earlier work this paper cites.
J. Kaplan and S. Kundu, “A Species or Weak-Gravity Bound for Large N N Gauge Theories Coupled to Gravity,” JHEP
Original
1904
Earlier work this paper cites.
M. Kologlu, P. Kravchuk, D. Simmons-Duffin, and A. Zhiboedov, “Shocks, Superconvergence, and a Stringy Equivalence Principle,” arXiv:1904.05905 [hep-th]
Original
1904
Earlier work this paper cites.
A. Belin, D. M. Hofman, and G. Mathys, “Einstein gravity from ANEC correlators,” JHEP
Original
1904
Earlier work this paper cites.
N. Arkani-Hamed, Y.-t. Huang, and D. O’Connell, “Kerr black holes as elementary particles,” JHEP
Original
1906
Earlier work this paper cites.
T. Noumi, T. Takeuchi, and S. Zhou, “String Regge trajectory on de Sitter space and implications to inflation,” arXiv:1907.02535 [hep-th]
Original
1907
Earlier work this paper cites.
D. Lüst and E. Palti, “A Note on String Excitations and the Higuchi Bound,” Phys. Lett. B
Original
1907
Earlier work this paper cites.
C. D. White, “Aspects of High Energy Scattering,” arXiv:1909.05177 [hep-th]
Original
1909
Earlier work this paper cites.
S. Melville, D. Roest, and D. Stefanyszyn, “UV Constraints on Massive Spinning Particles: Lessons from the Gravitino,” JHEP
Original
1911
Earlier work this paper cites.
B. Freivogel, T. Gasenzer, A. Hebecker, and S. Leonhardt, “A Conjecture on the Minimal Size of Bound States,” SciPost Phys
Original
1912
Earlier work this paper cites.
S. Weinberg, “Photons and Gravitons in S S -Matrix Theory: Derivation of Charge Conservation and Equality of Gravitational and Inertial Mass,” Phys. Rev
1964
Earlier work this paper cites.
F. A. Cerulus and A. Martin, “A lower bound for large-angle elastic scattering at high energies,” Phys. Lett
1964
Earlier work this paper cites.
V. D. Alfaro], S. Fubini, G. Rossetti, and G. Furlan, “Sum rules for strong interactions,” Physics Letters
1966
Earlier work this paper cites.
F. J. Gilman and H. Harari, “Strong-interaction sum rules for pion-hadron scattering,” Phys. Rev
1968
Earlier work this paper cites.
M. Levy and J. Sucher, “Eikonal approximation in quantum field theory,” Phys. Rev
1969
Earlier work this paper cites.
S. Weinberg, “”Lectures on Elementary Particles and Quantum Field Theory”, edited by S. Deser, No 1, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1970,”
1970
Earlier work this paper cites.
G. Tiktopoulos and S. Treiman, “Relativistic eikonal approximation,” Phys. Rev. D
1971
Earlier work this paper cites.
G. ’t Hooft, “A Planar Diagram Theory for Strong Interactions,” Nucl. Phys
1973
Earlier work this paper cites.
G. ’t Hooft, “A Two-Dimensional Model for Mesons,” Nucl. Phys
1974
Earlier work this paper cites.
E. Witten, “Baryons in the 1/n Expansion,” Nucl. Phys
1979
Earlier work this paper cites.
S. Weinberg and E. Witten, “Limits on Massless Particles,” Phys. Lett. B
1980
Earlier work this paper cites.
M. Karliner, I. R. Klebanov, and L. Susskind, “Size and Shape of Strings,” Int. J. Mod. Phys. A
1981
Earlier work this paper cites.
D. J. Gross and P. F. Mende, “The High-Energy Behavior of String Scattering Amplitudes,” Phys. Lett
1987
Earlier work this paper cites.

Similar

A. Higuchi, “Forbidden Mass Range for Spin-2 Field Theory in De Sitter Space-time,” Nucl. Phys. B
1987
Cited alongside, same era.
D. Amati, M. Ciafaloni, and G. Veneziano, “Superstring Collisions at Planckian Energies,” Phys. Lett. B
1987
Cited alongside, same era.
D. Amati, M. Ciafaloni, and G. Veneziano, “Classical and Quantum Gravity Effects from Planckian Energy Superstring Collisions,” Int. J. Mod. Phys. A
1988
Cited alongside, same era.
D. Amati, M. Ciafaloni, and G. Veneziano, “Can Space-Time Be Probed Below the String Size?,” Phys. Lett. B
1989
Cited alongside, same era.
S. Ferrara, M. Porrati, and V. L. Telegdi, “ g = 2 g=2 as the natural value of the tree-level gyromagnetic ratio of elementary particles,” Phys. Rev. D
1992
Cited alongside, same era.

Then

Cambridge University Press, 1, 2011
J. R. Forshaw and D. Ross, Quantum chromodynamics and the pomeron · 2011
Later among the works it cites.
R. Rahman, “Higher Spin Theory - Part I,” PoS
Original
2012
Later among the works it cites.
D. A. McGady and L. Rodina, “Higher-spin massless S S -matrices in four-dimensions,” Phys. Rev. D
Original
2014
Later among the works it cites.
G. D’Appollonio, P. Di Vecchia, R. Russo, and G. Veneziano, “Regge behavior saves String Theory from causality violations,” JHEP
Original
2015
Later among the works it cites.
X. O. Camanho, J. D. Edelstein, J. Maldacena, and A. Zhiboedov, “Causality Constraints on Corrections to the Graviton Three-Point Coupling,” JHEP
Original
2016

Beyond the bibliography

alphaXiv searches the wider corpus for related work and actual follow-ups.

Open on alphaXiv

alphaXiv is searching for related work…

D. N. Kabat and M. Ortiz, “Eikonal quantum gravity and Planckian scattering,” Nucl. Phys. B

1992

Cited alongside, same era.

D. N. Kabat, “Validity of the Eikonal approximation,” Comments Nucl. Part. Phys

1992

Cited alongside, same era.

D. Amati, M. Ciafaloni, and G. Veneziano, “Planckian scattering beyond the semiclassical approximation,” Phys. Lett. B

1992

Cited alongside, same era.

M. Porrati, “Massive spin 5/2 fields coupled to gravity: Tree level unitarity versus the equivalence principle,” Phys. Lett. B

1993

Cited alongside, same era.

D. Amati, M. Ciafaloni, and G. Veneziano, “Effective action and all order gravitational eikonal at Planckian energies,” Nucl. Phys. B

1993

Cited alongside, same era.

L. Susskind, “Strings, black holes and Lorentz contraction,” Phys. Rev. D

1994

Cited alongside, same era.

A. Cucchieri, M. Porrati, and S. Deser, “Tree level unitarity constraints on the gravitational couplings of higher spin massive fields,” Phys. Rev. D

1995

Cited alongside, same era.

Later among the works it cites.

T. Hartman, S. Jain, and S. Kundu, “Causality Constraints in Conformal Field Theory,” JHEP