Magic: The Gathering is Turing Complete

Classes of recursively enumerable sets and their decision problems

H. G. Rice · 1953

Earlier work this paper cites.

Small universal Turing machines

Yurii Rogozhin · 1996

Earlier work this paper cites.

Playing games with algorithms: algorithmic combinatorial game theory

Erik D. Demaine and Robert A. Hearn · 2001

Earlier work this paper cites.

Constraint logic: A uniform framework for modeling computation as games

Erik D. Demaine and Robert A. Hearn · 2008

Earlier work this paper cites.

Games, Puzzles, and Computation

Erik D. Demaine and Robert A. Hearn · 2009

Earlier work this paper cites.

Monte Carlo search applied to card selection in Magic: The Gathering

Colin D. Ward and Peter I. Cowling · 2009

Earlier work this paper cites.

The frontier of decidability in partially observable recursive games

David Auger and Oliver Teytaud · 2012

Cited alongside, same era.

Magic: The Gathering

Alex Churchill · 2012

Cited alongside, same era.

Ensemble determinization in Monte Carlo tree search for the imperfect information card game Magic: The Gathering

Peter I. Cowling Colin D. Ward and Edward J. Powley · 2012

Cited alongside, same era.

Magic is Turing complete (the Turing machine combo), 2014

Alex Churchill et al · 2014

Cited alongside, same era.

The complexity of deciding legality of a single step of Magic: The Gathering

Krishnendu Chatterjee and Rasmus Ibsen-Jensen · 2016

Cited alongside, same era.

Non-comparable natural numbers

Stella Biderman and Bjørn Kjos-Hanssen · 2018

Cited alongside, same era.

Cooperating in video games? Impossible! Undecidability of team multiplayer games

Michael J. Coulombe and Jayson Lynch · 2018

Later among the works it cites.

Mathematical Programming and Magic: The Gathering

Alexander Esche · 2018

Later among the works it cites.

Personal communication, 2018

Eugenio Fortanely · 2018

Later among the works it cites.

Magic: The Gathering comprehensive rules, Aug 2018

Wizards of the Coast · 2018

Later among the works it cites.

Magic: The Gathering tournament rules, Aug 2018

Original

Wizards of the Coast · 2018

Later among the works it cites.