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To assess racial disparities in police interactions with the public, we compiled and analyzed a dataset detailing over 60 million state patrol stops conducted in 20 U.S.
Equation of state calculations by fast computing machines
Nicholas Metropolis, Arianna W Rosenbluth, Marshall N Rosenbluth, Augusta H Teller, and Edward Teller · 1953
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The economics of discrimination
Gary Becker · 1957
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Hybrid Monte Carlo
Simon Duane, Anthony D Kennedy, Brian J Pendleton, and Duncan Roweth · 1987
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Inference from iterative simulation using multiple sequences
Andrew Gelman and Donald B Rubin · 1992
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Nobel lecture: The economic way of looking at behavior
Gary Becker · 1993
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An improved acceptance procedure for the hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm
Radford M Neal · 1994
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Regression analyses of counts and rates: Poisson, overdispersed Poisson, and negative binomial models
William Gardner, Edward P Mulvey, and Esther C Shaw · 1995
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Posterior predictive assessment of model fitness via realized discrepancies
Andrew Gelman, Xiao-Li Meng, and Hal Stern · 1996
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Building a Spanish Surname List for the 1990’s: A New Approach to an Old Problem
David Word and Colby Perkins · 1996
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Racial profiling? a multivariate analysis of police traffic stop data
Michael Smith and Matthew Petrocelli · 2001
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Outcome tests of racial disparities in police practices
Ian Ayres · 2002
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Toward a better benchmark: Assessing the utility of not-at-fault traffic crash data in racial profiling research
Geoffrey Alpert, Michael Smith, and Roger Dunham · 2004
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Comparing benchmark methodologies for police-citizen contacts: Traffic stop data collection for the Pennsylvania State Police
Robin Engel and Jennifer Calnon · 2004
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The influence of driver’s race on traffic stops in missouri
Jeff Rojek, Richard Rosenfeld, and Scott Decker · 2004
Cited alongside, same era.
Testing the racial profiling hypothesis for seemingly disparate traffic stops on the new jersey turnpike
James Lange, Mark Johnson, and Robert Voas · 2005
Cited alongside, same era.
An alternative test of racial prejudice in motor vehicle searches: Theory and evidence
Shamena Anwar and Hanming Fang · 2006
Cited alongside, same era.
Assessing the effect of race bias in post-traffic stop outcomes using propensity scores
Greg Ridgeway · 2006
Cited alongside, same era.
Driving while black: Bias processes and racial disparity in police stops
Patricia Warren, Donald Tomaskovic-Devey, William Smith, Matthew Zingraff, and Marcinda Mason · 2006
Cited alongside, same era.
Quasi-Poisson vs. negative binomial regression: How should we model overdispersed count data?
Pulled over: How police stops define race and citizenship
Charles Epp, Steven Maynard-Moody, and Donald Haider-Markel · 2014
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Bayesian data analysis
Andrew Gelman, John B Carlin, Hal S Stern, and Donald B Rubin · 2014
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The No-U-Turn Sampler: Adaptively setting path lengths in Hamiltonian Monte Carlo
Matthew D Hoffman and Andrew Gelman · 2014
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Examining racial disparities in drug arrests
Ojmarrh Mitchell and Michael Caudy · 2015
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Stan: A probabilistic programming language
Bob Carpenter, Andrew Gelman, Matt Hoffman, Daniel Lee, Ben Goodrich, Michael Betancourt, Marcus A Brubaker, Jiqiang Guo, Peter Li, and Allen Riddell · 2016
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Data for change: A statistical analysis of police stops, searches, handcuffings, and arrests in oakland, calif., 2013-2014
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Jay M Ver Hoef and Peter L Boveng · 2007
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Mostly harmless econometrics: An empiricist’s companion
Joshua D Angrist and Jörn-Steffen Pischke · 2008
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Demographic aspects of surnames from census 2000, 2008
David Word, Charles Coleman, Robert Nunziata, and Robert Kominski · 2008
Cited alongside, same era.
A new look at racial profiling: Evidence from the Boston police department
Kate Antonovics and Brian Knight · 2009
Cited alongside, same era.
Melendres v. Arpaio, 2009
Melendres v. Arpaio · 2009
Cited alongside, same era.
Doubly robust internal benchmarking and false discovery rates for detecting racial bias in police stops
Greg Ridgeway and John MacDonald · 2009
Cited alongside, same era.
Police behavior during traffic and street stops, 2011
Lynn Langton and Matthew Durose · 2013
Cited alongside, same era.
Rebecca Hetey, Benoît Monin, Amrita Maitreyi, and Jennifer Eberhardt · 2016
Later among the works it cites.
Accounting for membership: an examination of the effects race, sex, and age has on police conduct and force during traffic stops
Michael A Medina Jr · 2016
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Modern police tactics, police-citizen interactions and the prospects for reform
Jonathan Mummolo · 2016
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Frisky business: race, gender and police activity during traffic stops
Matt Ryan · 2016
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Fast threshold tests for detecting discrimination
Emma Pierson, Sam Corbett-Davies, and Sharad Goel · 2017
Closest in time.
Driving while black and brown in vermont
Stephanie Seguino and Nancy Brooks · 2017
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The problem of infra-marginality in outcome tests for discrimination
Camelia Simoiu, Sam Corbett-Davies, and Sharad Goel · 2017
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Language from police body camera footage shows racial disparities in officer respect
Rob Voigt, Nicholas P Camp, Vinodkumar Prabhakaran, William L Hamilton, Rebecca C Hetey, Camilla M Griffiths, David Jurgens, Dan Jurafsky, and Jennifer L Eberhardt · 2017
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