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In 1964, Refsdal hypothesized that a supernova whose light traversed multiple paths around a strong gravitational lens could be used to measure the rate of cosmic expansion.
“On the possibility of determining Hubble’s parameter and the masses of galaxies from the gravitational lens effect”
S. Refsdal · 1964
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Fourth Test of General Relativity”
I.˜I. Shapiro · 1964
Earlier work this paper cites.
“0957 + 561 A, B - Twin quasistellar objects or gravitational lens”
D. Walsh, R.˜F. Carswell and R.˜J. Weymann · 1979
Earlier work this paper cites.
“The Keck Low-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer”
J.˜B. Oke et al · 1995
Earlier work this paper cites.
“MACS: A Quest for the Most Massive Galaxy Clusters in the Universe”
H. Ebeling, A.˜C. Edge and J.˜P. Henry · 2001
Earlier work this paper cites.
“The Hubble Constant from the Gravitational Lens B1608+656”
L.˜V.˜E. Koopmans et al · 2003
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Discovery of Multiply Imaged Galaxies behind the Cluster and Lensed Quasar SDSS J1004+4112”
K. Sharon et al · 2005
Earlier work this paper cites.
“The Time Delays of Gravitational Lens HE 0435-1223: An Early-Type Galaxy with a Rising Rotation Curve”
C.˜S. Kochanek et al · 2006
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Microlensing of Lensed Supernovae”
G. Dobler and C.˜R. Keeton · 2006
Earlier work this paper cites.
“A Complete Sample of 12 Very X-Ray Luminous Galaxy Clusters at z \gt
H. Ebeling et al · 2007
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Reverberation Mapping of High-Luminosity Quasars: First Results”
S. Kaspi et al · 2007
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Hubble Space Telescope Observations of a Spectacular New Strong-Lensing Galaxy Cluster: MACS J1149.5+2223 at z = 0.544”
G.˜P. Smith et al · 2009
Earlier work this paper cites.
“The Lick AGN Monitoring Project: Broad-line Region Radii and Black Hole Masses from Reverberation Mapping of H β \beta ”
M.˜C. Bentz et al · 2009
Cited alongside, same era.
“Discovery of the Largest Known Lensed Images Formed by a Critically Convergent Lensing Cluster”
A. Zitrin and T. Broadhurst · 2009
Cited alongside, same era.
“New multiply-lensed galaxies identified in ACS/NIC3 observations of Cl0024+1654 using an improved mass model”
A. Zitrin et al · 2009
Cited alongside, same era.
“Discovery of the Largest Known Lensed Images Formed by a Critically Convergent Lensing Cluster”
A. Zitrin and T. Broadhurst · 2009
Cited alongside, same era.
“Strong Lensing by Galaxies”
T. Treu · 2010
Cited alongside, same era.
“Selecting Quasars by Their Intrinsic Variability”
K.˜B. Schmidt et al · 2010
“Two Accurate Time-delay Distances from Strong Lensing: Implications for Cosmology”
S.˜H. Suyu et al · 2013
Later among the works it cites.
“PS1-10afx at z = 1.388: Pan-STARRS1 Discovery of a New Type of Superluminous Supernova”
R. Chornock et al · 2013
Later among the works it cites.
“Detection of the Gravitational Lens Magnifying a Type Ia Supernova”
R.˜M. Quimby et al · 2014
Closest in time.
“GLASS: gas-phase metallicity and radial gradients in an interacting system at z˜2”
T. Jones et al · 2014
Closest in time.
“Predicted properties of multiple images of the strongly lensed supernova SN Refsdal”
M. Oguri · 2014
Closest in time.
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Cited alongside, same era.
“Lensing time delays and cosmological complementarity”
E.˜V. Linder · 2011
Cited alongside, same era.
“The rise-time distribution of nearby Type Ia supernovae”
M. Ganeshalingam, W. Li and A.˜V. Filippenko · 2011
Cited alongside, same era.
“COSMOGRAIL: the COSmological MOnitoring of GRAvItational Lenses. IX. Time delays, lens dynamics and baryonic fraction in HE 0435-1223”
F. Courbin et al · 2011
Cited alongside, same era.
“The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasar Lens Search. V. Final Catalog from the Seventh Data Release”
N. Inada et al · 2012
Cited alongside, same era.
“COSMOGRAIL: the COSmological MOnitoring of GRAvItational Lenses. XIII. Time delays and 9-yr optical monitoring of the lensed quasar RX J1131-1231”
M. Tewes et al · 2013
Cited alongside, same era.
K. Sharon and T.˜L. Johnson · 2014
Closest in time.
“Lensing model of MACS J1149.5+2223 - I. Cluster mass reconstruction”
S. Rau, S. Vegetti and S.˜D.˜M. White · 2014
Closest in time.
A. Zitrin et al · 2014
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“Cosmology from Gravitational Lens Time Delays and Planck Data”
S.˜H. Suyu et al · 2041
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“Extraordinary Magnification of the Ordinary Type Ia Supernova PS1-10afx”
R.˜M. Quimby et al · 2041
Closest in time.
“Through the Looking GLASS: HST Spectroscopy of Faint Galaxies Lensed by the Frontier Fields Cluster MACSJ0717.5+3745”
K.˜B. Schmidt et al · 2041
Closest in time.