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This review describes the events leading up to the discovery of the Kerr metric in 1963 and the enormous impact the discovery has had in the subsequent 50 years.
Komissarov S S 2009 Blandford-Znajek mechanism versus Penrose process J. Korean Phys. Soc
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Lewis T 1932 Some special solutions of the equations of axially symmetric gravitational fields Proc. R. Soc. Lond
1932
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Jaffé G 1934 Zur Theorie des Wasserstoffmolekülions Zeit. Phys
1934
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Papapetrou A 1953 Eine rotationssymmetrische Lösung in der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie Ann. Phys
1953
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Pirani F A 1957 Invariant formulation of gravitational radiation theory Phys. Rev
1957
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Regge T and Wheeler J A 1957 Stability of a Schwarzschild singularity Phys. Rev
1957
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Jordan P 1958 Research on the theory of general relativity
1958
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Ehlers J and Kundt W 1962 Exact solutions of the gravitational field equations Gravitation: An Introduction to Current Research
1962
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Robinson I and Trautman A 1962 Some spherical gravitational waves in general relativity Proc. R. Soc. Lond
1962
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Robinson I and Trautman A 1964 Exact degenerate solutions of Einstein’s equations Proceedings on Theory of Gravitation, Conference in Warszawa and Jablonna, 1962
1962
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Kerr R P 1963 Gravitational field of a spinning mass as an example of algebraically special metrics Phys. Rev. Lett
1963
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Newman E, Tamburino L and Unti T 1963 Empty-space generalization of the Schwarzschild metric J. Math. Phys
1963
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Newman E T, Couch E, Chinnapared K, Exton A, Prakash A and Torrence R 1965 Metric of a rotating, charged mass J. Math. Phys
1965
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Kerr R P 1965 Gravitational collapse and rotation Quasi-Stellar Sources and Gravitational Collapse
1965
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Penrose R 1965 Gravitational collapse and space-time singularities Phys. Rev. Lett
1965
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Carter B 1966 Complete analytic extension of the symmetry axis of Kerr’s solution of Einstein’s equations Phys. Rev
1966
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Doroshkevich A G, Zel’dovich Y B and Novikov I D 1966 Gravitational collapse of nonsymmetric and rotating masses Sov. Phys.–JETP
1966
Earlier work this paper cites.
Boyer R H and Lindquist R W 1967 Maximal analytic extension of the Kerr metric J. Math. Phys
1967
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Penrose R 1968 Structure of space-time 1967 Lectures in Mathematics and Physics
1967
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Israel W 1967 Event horizons in static vacuum space-times Phys. Rev
1967
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Gautschi W 1967 Computational aspects of three-term recurrence relations SIAM Rev
1967
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Ernst F J 1968 New formulation of the axially symmetric gravitational field problem Phys. Rev
1968
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Wheeler J A 1968 Our universe: the known and the unknown Am. Sci
1968
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Carter B 1968 Global structure of the Kerr family of gravitational fields Phys. Rev
1968
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Carter B 1968 Hamilton-Jacobi and Schrodinger separable solutions of Einstein’s equations Comm. Math. Phys
1968
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Israel W 1968 Event horizons in static electrovac space-times Comm. Math. Phys
1968
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Hewish A, Bell S J, Pilkington J D H, Scott P F and Collins R A 1968 Observation of a rapidly pulsating radio source Nature
1968
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Gold T 1968 Rotating neutron stars as the origin of the pulsating radio sources Nature
1968
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Kerr R P and Debney Jr G C 1970 Einstein spaces with symmetry groups J. Math. Phys
1970
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Christodoulou D 1970 Reversible and irreversible transformations in black-hole physics Phys. Rev. Lett
1970
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Vishveshwara C V 1970 Stability of the Schwarzschild metric Phys. Rev. D
1970
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Zerilli F J 1970 Effective potential for even-parity Regge-Wheeler gravitational perturbation equations Phys. Rev. Lett
1970
Earlier work this paper cites.
Zerilli F J 1970 Gravitational field of a particle falling in a Schwarzschild geometry analyzed in tensor harmonics Phys. Rev. D
1970
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Vishveshwara C V 1970 Scattering of gravitational radiation by a Schwarzschild black-hole Nature
1970
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de La Cruz V, Chase J E and Israel W 1970 Gravitational collapse with asymmetries Phys. Rev. Lett
1970
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Walker M and Penrose R 1970 On quadratic first integrals of the geodesic equations for type { 22 } \{22\} spacetimes Comm. Math. Phys
1970
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Penrose R and Floyd R M 1971 Extraction of rotational energy from a black hole Nature
1971
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Hawking S W 1971 Gravitational radiation from colliding black holes Phys. Rev. Lett
1971
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Carter B 1971 Axisymmetric black hole has only two degrees of freedom Phys. Rev. Lett
1971
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Ruffini R and Wheeler J A 1971 Introducing the black hole Phys. Today
1971
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Zel’dovich Y B 1971 Generation of waves by a rotating body Sov. Phys.–JETP Lett
1971
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Press W H 1971 Long wave trains of gravitational waves from a vibrating black hole Astrophys. J. Lett
1971
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Bardeen J M, Press W H and Teukolsky S A 1972 Rotating black holes: Locally nonrotating frames, energy extraction, and scalar synchrotron radiation Astrophys. J
1972
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Hawking S W 1972 Black holes in general relativity Comm. Math. Phys
1972
Earlier work this paper cites.
Hartle J B and Hawking S W 1972 Solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell equations with many black holes Comm. Math. Phys
1972
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Price R H 1972 Nonspherical perturbations of relativistic gravitational collapse. I. Scalar and gravitational perturbations Phys. Rev. D
1972
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Price R H 1972 Nonspherical perturbations of relativistic gravitational collapse. II. Integer-spin, zero-rest-mass fields Phys. Rev. D
1972
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Fackerell E D and Ipser J R 1972 Weak electromagnetic fields around a rotating black hole Phys. Rev. D
1972
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Teukolsky S A 1972 Rotating black holes: Separable wave equations for gravitational and electromagnetic perturbations Phys. Rev. Lett
1972
Earlier work this paper cites.
Press W H and Teukolsky S A 1972 Floating orbits, superradiant scattering and the black-hole bomb Nature
1972
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Bekenstein J D 1973 Black holes and entropy Phys. Rev. D
1973
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Smarr L 1973 Mass formula for Kerr black holes Phys. Rev. Lett
1973
Earlier work this paper cites.
Bardeen J M, Carter B and Hawking S W 1973 The four laws of black hole mechanics Comm. Math. Phys
1973
Earlier work this paper cites.
Bardeen J M and Press W H 1973 Radiation fields in the Schwarzschild background J. Math. Phys
1973
Earlier work this paper cites.
Teukolsky S A 1973 Perturbations of a rotating black hole. I. Fundamental equations for gravitational, electromagnetic, and neutrino-field perturbations Astrophys. J
1973
Earlier work this paper cites.
Unruh W 1973 Separability of the neutrino equations in a Kerr background Phys. Rev. Lett
1973
Cited alongside, same era.
Press W H and Teukolsky S A 1973 Perturbations of a rotating black hole. II. Dynamical stability of the Kerr metric Astrophys. J
1973
Cited alongside, same era.
Penrose R 1973 Naked singularities Sixth Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics
1973
Cited alongside, same era.
Floyd R 1973 The Dynamics of Kerr Fields
1973
Cited alongside, same era.
Hawking S W 1974 Black hole explosions? Nature
1974
Cited alongside, same era.
Teukolsky S A and Press W H 1974 Perturbations of a rotating black hole. III. Interaction of the hole with gravitational and electromagnetic radiation Astrophys. J
1974
Sasaki M and Tagoshi H 2003 Analytic black hole perturbation approach to gravitational radiation Living Rev. Relativity
2003
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Thorne, K S 2004 Black holes & time warps
2004
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Fujita R and Tagoshi H 2004 New numerical methods to evaluate homogeneous solutions of the Teukolsky equation Prog. Theor. Phys
2004
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Page D N 2005 Hawking radiation and black hole thermodynamics New Journal of Physics
2005
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Pomeransky A and Sen’kov R 2006 Black ring with two angular momenta
2006
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Elvang H and Figueras P 2007 Black Saturn J. High Energy Phys
2007
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Cited alongside, same era.
Starobinsky A A and Churilov S M 1974 Amplification of electromagnetic and gravitational waves scattered by a rotating black hole Sov. Phys.–JETP
1974
Cited alongside, same era.
Hartle J B and Wilkins D C 1974 Analytic properties of the Teukolsky equation Comm. Math. Phys
1974
Cited alongside, same era.
Cohen J M and Kegeles L S 1974 Electromagnetic fields in curved spaces: A constructive procedure Phys. Rev. D
1974
Cited alongside, same era.
Collinson C D 1974 Existence of Killing tensors in empty space-times Tensor
1974
Cited alongside, same era.
Hawking S W 1975 Particle creation by black holes Comm. Math. Phys
1975
Cited alongside, same era.
Robinson D C 1975 Uniqueness of the Kerr black hole Phys. Rev. Lett
1975
Cited alongside, same era.
Press W H, Teukolsky S A, Vetterling W T and Flannery B P 2007 Numerical recipes: The art of scientific computing
2007
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Will C M 2008 Testing the general relativistic “no-hair” theorems using the Galactic center black hole Sagittarius A ∗ \rm A^{*} Astrophys. J. Lett
2008
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Emparan R and Reall H S 2008 Black holes in higher dimensions Living Rev. Relativity
2008
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Frolov V P and Kubizňák D 2008 Higher-dimensional black holes: Hidden symmetries and separation of variables Class. Quantum Grav
2008
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Dautcourt G 2009 Race for the Kerr field Gen. Rel. Grav
2009
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Kerr R P 2009 Discovering the Kerr and Kerr-Schild metrics The Kerr Spacetime
2009
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Goldberg J N and Sachs R K 1962 A theorem on Petrov types Acta Phys. Pol
2009
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Kerr R P and Schild A 1965 A new class of vacuum solutions of the Einstein field equations Atti del Convegno sulla Relativita Generale: Problemi dell’Energia e Onde Gravitazionali
2009
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Krasiński A, Verdaguer E and Kerr R P 2009 Editorial note to: R. P. Kerr and A. Schild, A new class of vacuum solutions of the Einstein field equations Gen. Rel. Grav
2009
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Robinson D C 2009 Four decades of black hole uniqueness theorems The Kerr Spacetime
2009
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Owen R 2009 Final remnant of binary black hole mergers: Multipolar analysis Phys. Rev. D
2009
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Scheel M A, Boyle M, Chu T, Kidder L E, Matthews K D and Pfeiffer H P 2009 High-accuracy waveforms for binary black hole inspiral, merger, and ringdown Phys. Rev. D
2009
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Campanelli M, Lousto C O and Zlochower Y 2009 Algebraic classification of numerical spacetimes and black-hole-binary remnants Phys. Rev. D
2009
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Fiziev P P 2009 Teukolsky-Starobinsky identities: A novel derivation and generalizations Phys. Rev. D
2009
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Berti E, Cardoso V and Starinets A O 2009 Topical Review: Quasinormal modes of black holes and black branes Class. Quantum Grav
2009
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Wiltshire D L, Visser M and Scott S M 2009 The Kerr Spacetime
2009
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Owen R 2010 Degeneracy measures for the algebraic classification of numerical spacetimes Phys. Rev. D
2010
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Lovelace G, Chen Y, Cohen M, Kaplan J D, Keppel D, Matthews K D, Nichols D A, Scheel M A and Sperhake U 2010 Momentum flow in black-hole binaries. II. Numerical simulations of equal-mass, head-on mergers with antiparallel spins Phys. Rev. D
2010
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Deser S and Franklin J 2010 De/re-constructing the Kerr metric Gen. Rel. Grav
2010
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Dafermos M and Rodnianski I 2010 A new physical-space approach to decay for the wave equation with applications to black hole spacetimes XVIth International Congress on Mathematical Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
2010
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Fiziev P P 2010 Classes of exact solutions to the Teukolsky master equation Class. Quantum Grav
2010
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Sadeghian L and Will C M 2011 Testing the black hole no-hair theorem at the Galactic center: Perturbing effects of stars in the surrounding cluster Class. Quantum Grav
2011
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Poisson E, Pound A and Vega I 2011 The motion of point particles in curved spacetime Living Rev. Relativity
2011
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Konoplya R A and Zhidenko A 2011 Quasinormal modes of black holes: From astrophysics to string theory Rev. Mod. Phys
2011
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Weyl H 1917 Zur Gravitationstheorie Ann. Phys
2012
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Chruściel P T, Costa J L and Heusler M 2012 Stationary black holes: Uniqueness and beyond Living Rev. Relativity
2012
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Horowitz G T 2012 Black Holes in Higher Dimensions
2012
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Hollands S and Ishibashi A 2012 Black hole uniqueness theorems in higher dimensional spacetimes Class. Quantum Grav
2012
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Fujita R 2012 Gravitational waves from a particle in circular orbits around a Schwarzschild black hole to the 22nd post-Newtonian order Prog. Theor. Phys
2012
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Dadhich N 2013 A novel derivation of the rotating black hole metric Gen. Rel. Grav
2013
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Dafermos M and Rodnianski I 2013 Lectures on black holes and linear waves Evolution Equations
2013
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Chamel N, Haensel P, Zdunik J L and Fantina A F 2013 On the maximum mass of neutron stars Int. J. Mod. Phys. E
2013
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Antoniadis J, Freire P C C, Wex N, Tauris T M, Lynch R S, van Kerkwijk M H, Kramer M, Bassa C, Dhillon V S, Driebe T, Hessels J W T, Kaspi V M, Kondratiev V I, Langer N, Marsh T R, McLaughlin M A, Pennucci T T, Ransom S M, Stairs I H, van Leeuwen J, Verbiest J P W and Whelan D G 2013 A massive pulsar in a compact relativistic binary Science
2013
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Casares J and Jonker P G 2013 Mass measurements of stellar and intermediate-mass black holes Space Sci. Rev
2013
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McClintock J E, Narayan R and Steiner J F 2013 Black hole spin via continuum fitting and the role of spin in powering transient jets Space Sci. Rev
2013
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Reynolds C S 2013 Measuring black hole spin using X-ray reflection spectroscopy Space Sci. Rev
2013
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Reynolds C S 2013 The spin of supermassive black holes Class. Quantum Grav
2013
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Jacobson T 2014 Black hole thermodynamics
2014
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Shlapentokh-Rothman Y 2014 Exponentially growing finite energy solutions for the Klein-Gordon equation on sub-extremal Kerr spacetimes Comm. Math. Phys
2014
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Dafermos M, Rodnianski I and Shlapentokh-Rothman Y 2014 Decay for solutions of the wave equation on Kerr exterior spacetimes III: The full subextremal case | a | < M |a|<M (arXiv: 1402.7034
2014
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Sano Y and Tagoshi H 2014 Gravitational field of a Schwarzschild black hole and a rotating mass ring Phys. Rev. D
2014
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Chatzopoulos S, Fritz T, Gerhard O, Gillessen S, Wegg C, Genzel R and Pfuhl O 2014 The old nuclear star cluster in the Milky Way: dynamics, mass, statistical parallax, and black hole mass (arXiv: 1403.5266
2014
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Gralla S E and Jacobson T 2014 Spacetime approach to force-free magnetospheres Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc
2014
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Toma K and Takahara F 2014 Electromotive force in the Blandford-Znajek process Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc
2014
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Koide S and Baba T 2014 Causal extraction of black hole rotational energy by various kinds of electromagnetic fields Astrophys. J
2014
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Lasota J P, Gourgoulhon E, Abramowicz M, Tchekhovskoy A and Narayan R 2014 Extracting black-hole rotational energy: The generalized Penrose process Phys. Rev. D
2014
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Grumiller D, McNees R and Salzer J 2015 Black holes and thermodynamics – The first half century Quantum Aspects of Black Holes
2015
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Narayan R and McClintock J E 2015 Observational evidence for black holes General Relativity and Gravitation: A Centennial Perspective
2015
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Chrzanowski P L 1975 Vector potential and metric perturbations of a rotating black hole Phys. Rev. D
2062
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