2012

The Yellow and Red Supergiants of M33

Drout, Maria R., Massey, Philip, Meynet, Georges

Understand

Yellow and red supergiants are evolved massive stars whose numbers and locations on the HR diagram can provide a stringent test for models of massive star evolution.

Previous studies have found large discrepancies between the relative number of yellow supergiants observed as a function of mass and those predicted by evolutionary models, while a disagreement between the predicted and observed locations of red supergiants on the HR diagram was only recently resolved.
Here we extend these studies by examining the yellow and red supergiant populations of M33.
Unfortunately, identifying these stars is difficult as this portion of the color-magnitude diagram is heavily contaminated by foreground dwarfs.

Built on

Salpeter, E. E. 1955, ApJ, 121, 161
1955
Earlier work this paper cites.
Rubin, V. C., & Ford, W. K., Jr. 1970, ApJ, 159, 379
1970
Earlier work this paper cites.
Osmer, P. S. 1972, ApJS, 24, 247
1972
Earlier work this paper cites.
Conti, P. S., & Ebbets, D. 1977, ApJ, 213, 438
1977
Earlier work this paper cites.
Tonry, J., & Davis, M. 1979, AJ, 84, 1511
1979
Earlier work this paper cites.
Kwitter, K. B., & Aller, L. H. 1981, MNRAS, 195, 939
1981
Earlier work this paper cites.
Kerr, F., J., & Lynden-Bell, D. 1986, MNRAS, 221, 1023
1986
Earlier work this paper cites.
Zaritsky, D., Elston, R., & Hill, J. M. 1989, AJ, 97, 1
Original
1989
Earlier work this paper cites.
Kippenhahn, R., & Weigert, A. 1990, in Stellar Structure and Evolution (Berlin: Springer Verlag)
1990
Earlier work this paper cites.
Kurucz, R. L. 1992, in The Stellar Populations of Galaxies, ed. B. Barbury & A. Renzini (Dordrecht: Kluwer), 225
1992
Earlier work this paper cites.
Plez, B., Brett, J. M., & Nordlund, Å. 1992, A&A, 256, 551
1992
Earlier work this paper cites.
Schaerer, D., Meynet, G., Maeder, A., & Schaller, G. 1993, A&AS, 98, 523
1993
Earlier work this paper cites.
Andrillat, Y., Jaschek, C., & Jaschek, M. 1995, A&AS, 112, 475
1995
Earlier work this paper cites.
Penny, L. R. 1996, ApJ, 463, 737
1996
Earlier work this paper cites.
Garnett, D. R., Shields, G. A., Skillman, E. D., Sagan, S. P., & Dufour, R. J. 1997, ApJ, 489, 63
1997
Earlier work this paper cites.
Hartmann, D., & Burton, W. B. 1997, Atlas of Galactic Neutral Hydrogen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
1997
Earlier work this paper cites.
Heger, A., Jeannin, L., Langer, N., & Baraffe, I. 1997, A&A, 327, 224
1997
Earlier work this paper cites.
Maeder, A. 1997, A&A, 321, 134
1997
Earlier work this paper cites.
Talon, S.,& Zahn, J.-P. 1997, A&A, 317, 749
1997
Earlier work this paper cites.
Massey, P. 1998, ApJ, 501, 153
1998
Earlier work this paper cites.
Schlegel, D. J., Finkbeiner, D. P., & Davis, M. 1998, ApJ, 500, 525
1998
Earlier work this paper cites.
Courteau, S., & van den Bergh, S. 1999, AJ, 118, 337
1999
Earlier work this paper cites.
Leitherer, C., et al. 1999, ApJS, 123, 3
1999
Earlier work this paper cites.
Josselin, E., Blommaert, J. A. D. L., Groenewegen, M. A. T., Omont, A., & Li, F. L. 2000, A&A, 357, 225
2000
Earlier work this paper cites.
Przybilla, N., Butler, K., Becker, S. R., Kudritzki, R. P., & Venn, K. A. 2000, A&A, 359, 1085
2000
Earlier work this paper cites.
van den Bergh, S. 2000, The Galaxies of the Local Group (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press)
2000
Earlier work this paper cites.

Similar

Young, J. S., et al. 2000, MNRAS, 315, 635
2000
Cited alongside, same era.
Cenarro, A. J., Cardiel, N., Gorgas, J., et al. 2001, MNRAS, 326, 959
2001
Cited alongside, same era.
Macri, L. M., Stanek, K. Z., Sasselov, D. D., Krockenberger, M., & Kaluzny, J. 2001, AJ, 121, 870
2001
Cited alongside, same era.
Freytag, B., Steffen, M., & Dorch, B. 2002, Astron. Nachr., 323, 213
2002
Cited alongside, same era.
Gustafsson, B., Edvardsson, B., Eriksson, K., Mizuno-Wiedner, M., & Jørgensen, U. G. 2003, in Stellar Atmosphere Modeling, ASP Conf. Proc. 228, ed. I. Hubeny, D. Mihalas, & K. Werner (San Francisco, CA: ASP), 331
2003
Cited alongside, same era.
Massey, P. 2003, ARA&A, 41, 15
2003
Cited alongside, same era.
Meynet, G., & Maeder, A. 2003, A&A, 404, 975
2003
Cited alongside, same era.
Plez, B. 2003, in ASP Conf. Proc. 298, GAIA Spectroscopy: Science and Technology, ed. U. Munari (San Francisco, CA: ASP), 189
2003
Cited alongside, same era.
Robin, A. C., Reylé, S., Derrière, S., & Picaud, S. 2003, A&A, 409, 523
2003
Cited alongside, same era.
Asplund, M., Grevesse, N., & Sauval, A. J. 2005, in ASP Conf. Ser. 336, Cosmic Abundances as Records of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis, ed. T. G. Barnes, III & F. N. Bash (Austin, TX: ASP), 2
2005
Cited alongside, same era.
Fabricant, D., et al. 2005, PASP, 117, 1411
2005
Cited alongside, same era.
Levesque, E. M., Massey, P., Olsen, K. A. G., et al. 2005, ApJ, 628, 973
2005
Cited alongside, same era.

Then

Rosolowsky, E., & Simon, J. D. 2008, ApJ, 675, 1213
2008
Later among the works it cites.
van Loon, J. Th., et al. 2008, A&A, 487, 1055
2008
Later among the works it cites.
Drout, M. R., Massey, P., Meynet, G., Tokarz, S., & Caldwell, N. 2009, ApJ, 703, 441
2009
Later among the works it cites.
Elias-Rosa, N., et al. 2009, ApJ, 706, 1174
2009
Later among the works it cites.
Eldridge, J. J., & Stanway, E. R. 2009, MNRAS, 400, 1019
2009
Later among the works it cites.
Massey, P., Silva, D. R., Levesque, E. M., et al. 2009, ApJ, 703, 420
2009
Later among the works it cites.
Penny, L. R., & Gies, J. D. 2009, ApJ, 700, 844
2009
Later among the works it cites.
Elias-Rosa, N., et al. 2010, ApJ, 714, 254
2010
Later among the works it cites.
Huang, W., Gies, D. R., & McSwain, M. V. 2010, ApJ, 722
2010
Later among the works it cites.
Magrini, L., Stanghellini, L., Corbelli, E., Galli, D., & Villaver, E. 2010, A&A, 512, 63
2010
Later among the works it cites.
Massey, P. 2010, in Hot and Cool: Bridging Gaps in Massive Star Evolution, ASP Conf. 425, ed. C. Leitherer, P. D. Bennett, P. W. Morris, & J. Th. Van Loon (San Francisco, CA: ASP), 3
2010
Later among the works it cites.
Neugent, K. F., Massey, P., Skiff, B., et al. G. 2010, 719, 1784
2010
Later among the works it cites.
Yoon, S., & Cantiello, M. 2010, ApJ, 717, 62
2010
Later among the works it cites.
Zacharias, N. et al. 2010, AJ, 139, 2184
2010
Later among the works it cites.
Arcavi, I., et al. 2011, ApJ, 742, 18
2011
Later among the works it cites.
Bresolin, F. 2011, ApJ, 730, 129
2011
Later among the works it cites.
Javadi, A., van Loon, J. T., & Mirtorabi, M. T. 2011, MNRAS, 411, 263
2011
Later among the works it cites.
Leitherer, C. & Ekström, S. 2011, in The Spectral Energy Distribution of Galaxies, IAU Symp. 284, ed. R. J. Tuffs & C. C. Popescu (Preston, UK: IAU), in press, arXiv:1111.5204
Original
2011
Later among the works it cites.
Maund, J. R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 739, 37
2011
Later among the works it cites.
Meynet, G., Cyril, G., Hirschi, R., et al. 2011, BSRSL, 80, 266
2011
Later among the works it cites.
Neugent, K. F., & Massey, P. 2011, ApJ, 733, 123
2011
Later among the works it cites.
Neugent, K. F., Massey P., Skiff, B., & Meynet, G. 2011, ApJ submitted
2011
Later among the works it cites.
Soderberg, A. M., et al. 2011, ApJ submitted (arXiv:1107.1876)
Original
2011
Later among the works it cites.
Ekström, S., et al. 2012, A&A, in press
2012
Closest in time.
Georgy, C. 2012, A&A, in press
2012
Closest in time.

Beyond the bibliography

alphaXiv searches the wider corpus for related work and actual follow-ups.

Open on alphaXiv

alphaXiv is searching for related work…

Reading the bibliography…