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In 1888, Hilbert described how to find real polynomials in more than one variable which take only non-negative values but are not a sum of squares of polynomials.
Hilbert, D., Mathematische Probleme , Göttingen Nachrichten 1900, 232–297; see Ges. Abh. 3, 290–329, Springer, Berlin, 1935, reprinted by Chelsea, New York, 1981; English translation by M. W. Newson in Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 8
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Biermann, O., Über näherungsweise Cubaturen , Monats. für Math. und. Phys. 14
1903
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1939
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Gel’fand, I. M. and N. Ya. Vilenkin, Generalized Functions, vol. 4 , Translated by A/ Feinstein from the Russian edition, Moscow, 1961, Academic Press, New York, 1964
1964
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Hilbert, D., Über ternäre definite Formen , Acta Math. 17
1965
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Hilbert, D., Hermann Minkowski. Gedächtnisrede, 1 Mai 1909 , Math. Ann. 68
1965
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Minkowski, H., Untersuchungen über quadratische Formen. Bestimmung der Anzahl verschiedener Formen, welche ein gegebenes Genus enthält. Inauguraldisseration, Königsberg 1885; see Ges. Abh. 1, 157–202, Teubner, Leipzig, 1911, reprinted by Chelsea, New York, 1967
1967
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Motzkin, T. S., The arithmetic-geometric inequality , pp. 205–224 in Inequalities (O. Shisha, ed.) Proc. of Sympos. at Wright-Patterson AFB, August 19–27, 1965, Academic Press, New York, 1967; also in Theodore S. Motzkin: Selected Papers, Birkhäuser, Boston, (D. Cantor, B. Gordon and B. Rothschild, eds.), (MR36 #6569)
1967
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Robinson, R. M., Some definite polynomials which are not sums of squares of real polynomials , Izdat. “Nauka” Sibirsk. Otdel. Novosibirsk, (1973) pp. 264–282, (Selected questions of algebra and logic (a collection dedicated to the memory of A. I. Mal’cev), abstract in Not. Amer. Math. Soc., 16
1969
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Choi, M. D. and T. Y. Lam, An old question of Hilbert , Queen’s Papers in Pure and Appl. Math. (Proceedings of Quadratic Forms Conference, Queen’s University (G. Orzech ed.)), 46
1976
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Choi, M. D. and T. Y. Lam, Extremal positive semidefinite forms , Math. Ann., 231
1977
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Reznick, B., Extremal psd forms with few terms , Duke Math. J., 45
1978
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Schmüdgen, K., An example of a positive polynomial which is not a sum of squares of polynomials. A positive, but not strongly positive functional. , Math. Nachr 88
1979
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Choi, M. D., T. Y. Lam and B. Reznick, Real zeros of positive semidefinite forms, I , Math. Z., 171
1980
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Eisenbud, D., M. Green and J. Harris, Cayley-Bacharach theorems and conjectures , Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.) 33
1996
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Bix, R., Conics and Cubics , Springer, New York, 1998, (MR2000c:14001)
1998
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Powers, V. and B. Reznick, Notes towards a constructive proof of Hilbert’s Theorem on ternary quartics , Proceedings, Quadratic forms and their applications, Dublin 1999 (A. Ranicki ed.) Cont. Math., 272
2000
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Reznick, B., Some concrete aspects of Hilbert’s 17th Problem , Contemp. Math., 253
2000
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Rudin, W., Sums of squares of polynomials , Amer. Math. Monthly 107
2000
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Hilbert, D., Über die Darstellung definiter Formen als Summe von Formenquadraten , Math. Ann. 32
1981
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Choi, M. D., T. Y. Lam and B. Reznick, Even symmetric sextics , Math. Z., 195
1987
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Reznick, B., Sums of even powers of real linear forms , Mem. Amer. Math. Soc. 96
1992
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Choi, M. D., T. Y. Lam and B. Reznick, Sums of squares of real polynomials , K K -theory and algebraic geometry: connections with quadratic forms and division algebras (Santa Barbara, CA, 1992), 103–126, Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., 58, Part 2, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 1995, (MR96f:11058)
1995
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2000
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Swan, R., Hilbert’s theorem on positive ternary quartics , Proceedings, Quadratic forms and their applications, Dublin 1999 (A. Ranicki ed.) Cont. Math., 272
2000
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Powers, V., B. Reznick, C. Scheiderer and F. Sottile, A new approach to Hilbert’s theorem on ternary quartics , C. R. Acad Sci. Paris, 339
2004
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Blekherman, G. There are significantly more nonnegative polynomials than sums of squares. Israel J. Math. 153
2006
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