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Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) powered by Large Language Models have unlocked advanced collaborative reasoning, yet they remain bottlenecked by discrete text communication, which imposes runtime overhead and information quantization loss.
Improving bert fine-tuning with embedding normalization
Wenxuan Zhou, Junyi Du, and Xiang Ren. 2019 · 1911
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Understanding image representations by measuring their equivariance and equivalence
Karel Lenc and Andrea Vedaldi. 2015 · 2015
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exbert: Extending pre-trained models with domain-specific vocabulary under constrained training resources
Wen Tai, H. T. Kung, Xin Dong, Marcus Comiter, and Chang-Fu Kuo. 2020 · 2020
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Revisiting model stitching to compare neural representations
Yamini Bansal, Preetum Nakkiran, and Boaz Barak. 2021 · 2021
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Training verifiers to solve math word problems
Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian, Mark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias Plappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro Nakano, Christopher Hesse, and John Schulman. 2021 · 2021
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Scaling up visual and vision-language representation learning with noisy text supervision
Chao Jia, Yinfei Yang, Ye Xia, Yi-Ting Chen, Zarana Parekh, Hieu Pham, Quoc V. Le, Yun-Hsuan Sung, Zhen Li, and Tom Duerig. 2021 · 2021
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The power of scale for parameter-efficient prompt tuning
Brian Lester, Rami Al-Rfou, and Noah Constant. 2021 · 2021
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Prefix-tuning: Optimizing continuous prompts for generation
Xiang Lisa Li and Percy Liang. 2021 · 2021
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Unks everywhere: Adapting multilingual language models to new scripts
Jonas Pfeiffer, Ivan Vulić, Iryna Gurevych, and Sebastian Ruder. 2021 · 2021
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Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision
Alec Radford, Jong Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh, Gabriel Goh, Sandhini Agarwal, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Pamela Mishkin, Jack Clark, Gretchen Krueger, and Ilya Sutskever. 2021 · 2021
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How good is your tokenizer? on the monolingual performance of multilingual language models
Phillip Rust, Jonas Pfeiffer, Ivan Vulić, Sebastian Ruder, and Iryna Gurevych. 2021 · 2021
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Subword mapping and anchoring across languages
Giorgos Vernikos and Andrei Popescu-Belis. 2021 · 2021
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Git re-basin: Merging models modulo permutation symmetries
Samuel K Ainsworth, Jonathan Hayase, and Siddhartha Srinivasa. 2022 · 2022
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Flamingo: a visual language model for few-shot learning
Jean-Baptiste Alayrac, Jeff Donahue, Pauline Luc, Antoine Miech, Iain Barr, Yana Hasson, Karel Lenc, Arthur Mensch, Katie Millican, Malcolm Reynolds, Roman Ring, Eliza Rutherford, Serkan Cabi, Tengda Han, Zhitao Gong, Sina Samangooei, Marianne Monteiro, Jacob Menick, Sebastian Borgeaud, and 8 others. 2022 · 2022
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Model soups: averaging weights of multiple fine-tuned models improves accuracy without increasing inference time
Mitchell Wortsman, Gabriel Ilharco, Samir Yitzhak Gadre, Rebecca Roelofs, Raphael Gontijo-Lopes, Ari S. Morcos, Hongseok Namkoong, Ali Farhadi, Yair Carmon, Simon Kornblith, and Ludwig Schmidt. 2022 · 2022
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Protip: Progressive tool retrieval improves planning
Raviteja Anantha, Bortik Bandyopadhyay, Anirudh Kashi, Sayantan Mahinder, Andrew W Hill, and Srinivas Chappidi. 2023 · 2023
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Embedding structure matters: Comparing methods to adapt multilingual vocabularies to new languages
C.m. Downey, Terra Blevins, Nora Goldfine, and Shane Steinert-Threlkeld. 2023 · 2023
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Camel: Communicative agents for "mind" exploration of large language model society
Guohao Li, Hasan Hammoud, Hani Itani, Dmitrii Khizbullin, and Bernard Ghanem. 2023a · 2023
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Memgpt: Towards llms as operating systems
Charles Packer, Sarah Wooders, Kevin Lin, Vivian Fang, Shishir G Patil, Ion Stoica, and Joseph E Gonzalez. 2023 · 2023
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Gpqa: A graduate-level google-proof q&a benchmark
David Rein, Betty Li Hou, Asa Cooper Stickland, Jackson Petty, Richard Yuanzhe Pang, Julien Dirani, Julian Michael, and Samuel R. Bowman. 2023 · 2023
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François Remy, Pieter Delobelle, Bettina Berendt, Kris Demuynck, and Thomas Demeester. 2023 · 2023
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Tptu: large language model-based ai agents for task planning and tool usage
Jingqing Ruan, Yihong Chen, Bin Zhang, Zhiwei Xu, Tianpeng Bao, Guoqing Du, Shiwei Shi, Hangyu Mao, Xingyu Zeng, and Rui Zhao. 2023 · 2023
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Sigmoid loss for language image pre-training
Xiaohua Zhai, Basil Mustafa, Alexander Kolesnikov, and Lucas Beyer. 2023 · 2023
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Language agent tree search unifies reasoning acting and planning in language models
Andy Zhou, Kai Yan, Michal Shlapentokh-Rothman, Haohan Wang, and Yu-Xiong Wang. 2023 · 2023
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Toolchain*: Efficient action space navigation in large language models with a* search
Yuchen Zhuang, Xiang Chen, Tong Yu, Saayan Mitra, Victor Bursztyn, Ryan A. Rossi, Somdeb Sarkhel, and Chao Zhang. 2023 · 2023
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Representation engineering: A top-down approach to ai transparency
Andy Zou, Long Phan, Sarah Chen, James Campbell, Phillip Guo, Richard Ren, Alexander Pan, Xuwang Yin, Mantas Mazeika, Ann-Kathrin Dombrowski, Shashwat Goel, Nathaniel Li, Michael J. Byun, Zifan Wang, Alex Mallen, Steven Basart, Sanmi Koyejo, Dawn Song, Matt Fredrikson, and 2 others. 2023 · 2023
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Autogpt+p: Affordance-based task planning with large language models
Timo Birr, Christoph Pohl, Abdelrahman Younes, and Tamim Asfour. 2024 · 2024
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Optima: Optimizing effectiveness and efficiency for llm-based multi-agent system
Weize Chen, Jiarui Yuan, Chen Qian, Cheng Yang, Zhiyuan Liu, and Maosong Sun. 2024 · 2024
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Magentic-one: A generalist multi-agent system for solving complex tasks
Adam Fourney, Gagan Bansal, Hussein Mozannar, Cheng Tan, Eduardo Salinas, Erkang (Eric) Zhu, Friederike Niedtner, Grace Proebsting, Griffin Bassman, Jack Gerrits, Jacob Alber, Peter Chang, Ricky Loynd, Robert West, Victor Dibia, Ahmed Awadallah, Ece Kamar, Rafah Hosn, and Saleema Amershi. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Large language model based multi-agents: A survey of progress and challenges
Taicheng Guo, Xiuying Chen, Yaqi Wang, Ruidi Chang, Shichao Pei, Nitesh V Chawla, Olaf Wiest, and Xiangliang Zhang. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Training large language models to reason in a continuous latent space
Shibo Hao, Sainbayar Sukhbaatar, DiJia Su, Xian Li, Zhiting Hu, Jason Weston, and Yuandong Tian. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Metagpt: Meta programming for a multi-agent collaborative framework
Sirui Hong, Mingchen Zhuge, Jiaqi Chen, Xiawu Zheng, Yuheng Cheng, Ceyao Zhang, Jinlin Wang, Zili Wang, Steven Ka Shing Yau, Zijuan Lin, Liyang Zhou, Chenyu Ran, Lingfeng Xiao, Chenglin Wu, and Jürgen Schmidhuber. 2024 · 2024
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Halo: Hierarchical autonomous logic-oriented orchestration for multi-agent llm systems
Zhipeng Hou, Junyi Tang, and Yipeng Wang. 2025 · 2025
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Smolvlm: Redefining small and efficient multimodal models
Andrés Marafioti, Orr Zohar, Miquel Farré, Merve Noyan, Elie Bakouch, Pedro Cuenca, Cyril Zakka, Loubna Ben Allal, Anton Lozhkov, Nouamane Tazi, Vaibhav Srivastav, Joshua Lochner, Hugo Larcher, Mathieu Morlon, Lewis Tunstall, Leandro von Werra, and Thomas Wolf. 2025 · 2025
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Universal cross-tokenizer distillation via approximate likelihood matching
Benjamin Minixhofer, Ivan Vulić, and Edoardo Maria Ponti. 2025 · 2025
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Optimizing llms for italian: Reducing token fertility and enhancing efficiency through vocabulary adaptation
Luca Moroni, Giovanni Puccetti, Pere-Lluís Huguet Cabot, Andrei Stefan Bejgu, Alessio Miaschi, Edoardo Barba, Felice Dell’Orletta, Andrea Esuli, and Roberto Navigli. 2025 · 2025
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Deliberation in latent space via differentiable cache augmentation
Luyang Liu, Jonas Pfeiffer, Jiaxing Wu, Jun Xie, and Arthur Szlam. 2024 · 2024
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AIME 2024 dataset
Maxwell-Jia. 2024 · 2024
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Zero-shot tokenizer transfer
Benjamin Minixhofer, Edoardo Maria Ponti, and Ivan Vulić. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
An empirical comparison of vocabulary expansion and initialization approaches for language models
Nandini Mundra, Aditya Nanda Kishore Khandavally, Raj Dabre, Ratish Puduppully, Anoop Kunchukuttan, and Mitesh M. Khapra. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Reasoning capacity in multi-agent systems: Limitations, challenges and human-centered solutions
Pouya Pezeshkpour, Eser Kandogan, Nikita Bhutani, Sajjadur Rahman, Tom Mitchell, and Estevam Hruschka. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
François Remy, Pieter Delobelle, Hayastan Avetisyan, Alfiya Khabibullina, Miryam de Lhoneux, and Thomas Demeester. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Magis: Llm-based multi-agent framework for github issue resolution
Wei Tao, Yucheng Zhou, Yanlin Wang, Wenqiang Zhang, Hongyu Zhang, and Yu Cheng. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Autogen: Enabling next-gen LLM applications via multi-agent conversation
Qingyun Wu, Gagan Bansal, Jieyu Zhang, Yiran Wu, Beibin Li, Erkang Zhu, Li Jiang, Xiaoyun Zhang, Shaokun Zhang, Jiale Liu, Ahmed Hassan Awadallah, Ryen W White, Doug Burger, and Chi Wang. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Secom: On memory construction and retrieval for personalized conversational agents
Zhuoshi Pan, Qianhui Wu, Huiqiang Jiang, Xufang Luo, Hao Cheng, Dongsheng Li, Yuqing Yang, Chin-Yew Lin, H. Vicky Zhao, Lili Qiu, and Jianfeng Gao. 2025 · 2025
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A survey of efficient reasoning for large reasoning models: Language, multimodality, and beyond
Xiaoye Qu, Yafu Li, Zhaochen Su, Weigao Sun, Jianhao Yan, Dongrui Liu, Ganqu Cui, Daizong Liu, Shuxian Liang, Junxian He, Peng Li, Wei Wei, Jing Shao, Chaochao Lu, Yue Zhang, Xian-Sheng Hua, Bowen Zhou, and Yu Cheng. 2025 · 2025
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Shaurya Sharthak, Vinayak Pahalwan, Adithya Kamath, and Adarsh Shirawalmath. 2025 · 2025
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Stop overthinking: A survey on efficient reasoning for large language models
Yang Sui, Yu-Neng Chuang, Guanchu Wang, Jiamu Zhang, Tianyi Zhang, Jiayi Yuan, Hongyi Liu, Andrew Wen, Shaochen Zhong, Na Zou, Hanjie Chen, and Xia Hu. 2025 · 2025
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Gemma Team. 2025 · 2025
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Multi-agent collaboration mechanisms: A survey of llms
Khanh-Tung Tran, Dung Dao, Minh-Duong Nguyen, Quoc-Viet Pham, Barry O’Sullivan, and Hoang D Nguyen. 2025 · 2025
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Deepseek-ocr: Contexts optical compression
Haoran Wei, Yaofeng Sun, and Yukun Li. 2025 · 2025
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Talk to right specialists: Routing and planning in multi-agent system for question answering
Feijie Wu, Zitao Li, Fei Wei, Yaliang Li, Bolin Ding, and Jing Gao. 2025 · 2025
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How can we effectively expand the vocabulary of LLMs with 0.01GB of target language text?
Atsuki Yamaguchi, Aline Villavicencio, and Nikolaos Aletras. 2025 · 2025
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Beyond self-talk: A communication-centric survey of llm-based multi-agent systems
Bingyu Yan, Zhibo Zhou, Litian Zhang, Lian Zhang, Ziyi Zhou, Dezhuang Miao, Zhoujun Li, Chaozhuo Li, and Xiaoming Zhang. 2025 · 2025
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Llm-medqa: Enhancing medical question answering through case studies in large language models
Hang Yang, Hao Chen, Hui Guo, Yineng Chen, Ching-Sheng Lin, Shu Hu, Jinrong Hu, Xi Wu, and Xin Wang. 2025 · 2025
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A survey on agentic multimodal large language models
Huanjin Yao, Ruifei Zhang, Jiaxing Huang, Jingyi Zhang, Yibo Wang, Bo Fang, Ruolin Zhu, Yongcheng Jing, Shunyu Liu, Guanbin Li, and Dacheng Tao. 2025 · 2025
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Kvcomm: Online cross-context kv-cache communication for efficient llm-based multi-agent systems
Hancheng Ye, Zhengqi Gao, Mingyuan Ma, Qinsi Wang, Yuzhe Fu, Ming-Yu Chung, Yueqian Lin, Zhijian Liu, Jianyi Zhang, Danyang Zhuo, and Yiran Chen. 2025 · 2025
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American invitational mathematics examination (aime) 2025
Yifan Zhang and Team Math-AI. 2025 · 2025
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Thought communication in multiagent collaboration
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Reso: A reward-driven self-organizing llm-based multi-agent system for reasoning tasks
Heng Zhou, Hejia Geng, Xiangyuan Xue, Li Kang, Yiran Qin, Zhiyong Wang, Zhenfei Yin, and Lei Bai. 2025 · 2025
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Reasoning by superposition: A theoretical perspective on chain of continuous thought
Hanlin Zhu, Shibo Hao, Zhiting Hu, Jiantao Jiao, Stuart Russell, and Yuandong Tian. 2025 · 2025
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Latent collaboration in multi-agent systems
Jiaru Zou, Xiyuan Yang, Ruizhong Qiu, Gaotang Li, Katherine Tieu, Pan Lu, Ke Shen, Hanghang Tong, Yejin Choi, Jingrui He, James Zou, Mengdi Wang, and Ling Yang. 2025 · 2025
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The trojan in the vocabulary: Stealthy sabotage of llm composition
Xiaoze Liu, Weichen Yu, Matt Fredrikson, Xiaoqian Wang, and Jing Gao. 2026 · 2026
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Multi-agent teams hold experts back
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Codeocr: On the effectiveness of vision language models in code understanding
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Render-of-thought: Rendering textual chain-of-thought as images for visual latent reasoning
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