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Current Vision-Language-Action (VLA) paradigms in autonomous driving primarily rely on Imitation Learning (IL), which introduces inherent challenges such as distribution shift and causal confusion.
Markov decision processes
Martin L Puterman · 1990
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A reduction of imitation learning and structured prediction to no-regret online learning
Stéphane Ross, Geoffrey Gordon, and Drew Bagnell · 2011
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Auto-encoding variational bayes
Diederik P Kingma · 2013
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Carla: An open urban driving simulator
Alexey Dosovitskiy, German Ros, Felipe Codevilla, Antonio Lopez, and Vladlen Koltun · 2017
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Proximal policy optimization algorithms
John Schulman, Filip Wolski, Prafulla Dhariwal, Alec Radford, and Oleg Klimov · 2017
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Agile autonomous driving using end-to-end deep imitation learning
Yunpeng Pan, Ching-An Cheng, Kamil Saigol, Keuntaek Lee, Xinyan Yan, Evangelos Theodorou, and Byron Boots · 2018
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Causal confusion in imitation learning
Pim De Haan, Dinesh Jayaraman, and Sergey Levine · 2019
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nuscenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous driving
Holger Caesar, Varun Bankiti, Alex H Lang, Sourabh Vora, Venice Erin Liong, Qiang Xu, Anush Krishnan, Yu Pan, Giancarlo Baldan, and Oscar Beijbom · 2020
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Lora: Low-rank adaptation of large language models
Edward J Hu, Phillip Wallis, Zeyuan Allen-Zhu, Yuanzhi Li, Shean Wang, Lu Wang, Weizhu Chen, et al · 2021
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Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback
Long Ouyang, Jeffrey Wu, Xu Jiang, Diogo Almeida, Carroll Wainwright, Pamela Mishkin, Chong Zhang, Sandhini Agarwal, Katarina Slama, Alex Ray, et al · 2022
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Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models
Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V Le, Denny Zhou, et al · 2022
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Josh Achiam, Steven Adler, Sandhini Agarwal, Lama Ahmad, Ilge Akkaya, Florencia Leoni Aleman, Diogo Almeida, Janko Altenschmidt, Sam Altman, Shyamal Anadkat, et al · 2023
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Gemini: A family of highly capable multimodal models
Rohan Anil, Sebastian Borgeaud, Yonghui Wu, Jean-Baptiste Alayrac, Jiahui Yu, Radu Soricut, Johan Schalkwyk, Andrew M Dai, Anja Hauth, Katie Millican, et al · 2023
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Planning-oriented autonomous driving
Yihan Hu, Jiazhi Yang, Li Chen, Keyu Li, Chonghao Sima, Xizhou Zhu, Siqi Chai, Senyao Du, Tianwei Lin, Wenhai Wang, et al · 2023
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Vad: Vectorized scene representation for efficient autonomous driving
Bo Jiang, Shaoyu Chen, Qing Xu, Bencheng Liao, Jiajie Chen, Helong Zhou, Qian Zhang, Wenyu Liu, Chang Huang, and Xinggang Wang · 2023
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Direct preference optimization: Your language model is secretly a reward model
Rafael Rafailov, Archit Sharma, Eric Mitchell, Christopher D Manning, Stefano Ermon, and Chelsea Finn · 2023
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Fully sparse transformer 3-d detector for lidar point cloud
Diankun Zhang, Zhijie Zheng, Haoyu Niu, Xueqing Wang, and Xiaojun Liu · 2023
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π 0 \pi_{0} : A vision-language-action flow model for general robot control
Kevin Black, Noah Brown, Danny Driess, Adnan Esmail, Michael Equi, Chelsea Finn, Niccolo Fusai, Lachy Groom, Karol Hausman, Brian Ichter, et al · 2024
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Rethinking imitation-based planners for autonomous driving
Jie Cheng, Yingbing Chen, Xiaodong Mei, Bowen Yang, Bo Li, and Ming Liu · 2024
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Navsim: Data-driven non-reactive autonomous vehicle simulation and benchmarking
Daniel Dauner, Marcel Hallgarten, Tianyu Li, Xinshuo Weng, Zhiyu Huang, Zetong Yang, Hongyang Li, Igor Gilitschenski, Boris Ivanovic, Marco Pavone, et al · 2024
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Eva-02: A visual representation for neon genesis
Yuxin Fang, Quan Sun, Xinggang Wang, Tiejun Huang, Xinlong Wang, and Yue Cao · 2024
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Orion: A holistic end-to-end autonomous driving framework by vision-language instructed action generation
Haoyu Fu, Diankun Zhang, Zongchuang Zhao, Jianfeng Cui, Dingkang Liang, Chong Zhang, Dingyuan Zhang, Hongwei Xie, Bing Wang, and Xiang Bai · 2025
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Rad: Training an end-to-end driving policy via large-scale 3dgs-based reinforcement learning
Hao Gao, Shaoyu Chen, Bo Jiang, Bencheng Liao, Yiang Shi, Xiaoyang Guo, Yuechuan Pu, Haoran Yin, Xiangyu Li, Xinbang Zhang, et al · 2025
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Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning
Daya Guo, Dejian Yang, Haowei Zhang, Junxiao Song, Ruoyu Zhang, Runxin Xu, Qihao Zhu, Shirong Ma, Peiyi Wang, Xiao Bi, et al · 2025
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π 0.5 \pi_{0.5} : a vision-language-action model with open-world generalization
Physical Intelligence, Kevin Black, Noah Brown, James Darpinian, Karan Dhabalia, Danny Driess, Adnan Esmail, Michael Equi, Chelsea Finn, Niccolo Fusai, et al · 2025
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Emma: End-to-end multimodal model for autonomous driving
Jyh-Jing Hwang, Runsheng Xu, Hubert Lin, Wei-Chih Hung, Jingwei Ji, Kristy Choi, Di Huang, Tong He, Paul Covington, Benjamin Sapp, et al · 2024
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Openvla: An open-source vision-language-action model
Moo Jin Kim, Karl Pertsch, Siddharth Karamcheti, Ted Xiao, Ashwin Balakrishna, Suraj Nair, Rafael Rafailov, Ethan Foster, Grace Lam, Pannag Sanketi, et al · 2024
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Laformer: Trajectory prediction for autonomous driving with lane-aware scene constraints
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Drivegpt4-v2: Harnessing large language model capabilities for enhanced closed-loop autonomous driving
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Carplanner: Consistent auto-regressive trajectory planning for large-scale reinforcement learning in autonomous driving
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Extending large vision-language model for diverse interactive tasks in autonomous driving
Zongchuang Zhao, Haoyu Fu, Dingkang Liang, Xin Zhou, Dingyuan Zhang, Hongwei Xie, Bing Wang, and Xiang Bai · 2025
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