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Recent advances in browser-based LLM agents have shown promise for automating tasks ranging from simple form filling to hotel booking or online shopping.
Empirical study of error behavior in Web servers
Ajay Deep Singh · 2005
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A study of end-to-end web access failures
Venkata N Padmanabhan, Sriram Ramabhadran, Sharad Agarwal, and Jitendra Padhye · 2006
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Web error classification and analysis for reliability improvement
Li Ma and Jeff Tian · 2007
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mitmproxy: A free and open source interactive HTTPS proxy, 2010–
Aldo Cortesi, Maximilian Hils, Thomas Kriechbaumer, and contributors · 2010
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Javascript errors in the wild: An empirical study
Frolin S Ocariza Jr, Karthik Pattabiraman, and Benjamin Zorn · 2011
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Docker: Enterprise container platform
Docker Inc · 2013
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Mind2web: Towards a generalist agent for the web
Xiang Deng, Yu Gu, Boyuan Zheng, Shijie Chen, Samuel Stevens, Boshi Wang, Huan Sun, and Yu Su · 2023
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Android in the wild: A large-scale dataset for android device control, 2023
Christopher Rawles, Alice Li, Daniel Rodriguez, Oriana Riva, and Timothy Lillicrap · 2023
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Identifying the risks of lm agents with an lm-emulated sandbox
Yangjun Ruan, Honghua Dong, Andrew Wang, Silviu Pitis, Yongchao Zhou, Jimmy Ba, Yann Dubois, Chris J. Maddison, and Tatsunori Hashimoto · 2023
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Jailbreak in pieces: Compositional adversarial attacks on multi-modal language models
Erfan Shayegani, Yue Dong, and Nael Abu-Ghazaleh · 2023
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On evaluating adversarial robustness of large vision-language models
Yunqing Zhao, Tianyu Pang, Chao Du, Xiao Yang, Chongxuan Li, Ngai-Man Cheung, and Min Lin · 2023
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Webarena: A realistic web environment for building autonomous agents
Shuyan Zhou, Frank F. Xu, Hao Zhu, Xuhui Zhou, Robert Lo, Abishek Sridhar, Xianyi Cheng, Tianyue Ou, Yonatan Bisk, Daniel Fried, Uri Alon, and Graham Neubig · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Image hijacks: Adversarial images can control generative models at runtime
Luke Bailey, Euan Ong, Stuart Russell, and Scott Emmons · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Webvoyager: Building an end-to-end web agent with large multimodal models
Hongliang He, Wenlin Yao, Kaixin Ma, Wenhao Yu, Yong Dai, Hongming Zhang, Zhenzhong Lan, and Dong Yu · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Raghav Kapoor, Yash Parag Butala, Melisa Russak, Jing Yu Koh, Kiran Kamble, Waseem Alshikh, and Ruslan Salakhutdinov · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
R-judge: Benchmarking safety risk awareness for llm agents
Tongxin Yuan, Zhiwei He, Lingzhong Dong, Yiming Wang, Ruijie Zhao, Tian Xia, Lizhen Xu, Binglin Zhou, Fangqi Li, Zhuosheng Zhang, Rui Wang, and Gongshen Liu · 2024
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Doomarena: A framework for testing ai agents against evolving security threats
Leo Boisvert, Mihir Bansal, Chandrakiran Reddy Evuru, Gabriel Huang, Abhay Puri, Avinandan Bose, Maryam Fazel, Quentin Cappart, Jason Stanley, Alexandre Lacoste, Alexandre Drouin, and Krishnamurthy Dvijotham · 2025
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Agentic browser security: Indirect prompt injection in perplexity comet
Brave · 2025
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Real: Benchmarking autonomous agents on deterministic simulations of real websites
Divyansh Garg, Shaun VanWeelden, Diego Caples, Andis Draguns, Nikil Ravi, Pranav Putta, Naman Garg, Tomas Abraham, Michael Lara, Federico Lopez, James Liu, Atharva Gundawar, Prannay Hebbar, Youngchul Joo, Jindong Gu, Charles London, Christian Schroeder de Witt, and Sumeet Motwani · 2025
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Ido Levy, Ben Wiesel, Sami Marreed, Alon Oved, Avi Yaeli, and Segev Shlomov · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Weblinx: Real-world website navigation with multi-turn dialogue
Xing Han Lù, Zdeněk Kasner, and Siva Reddy · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Playwright
Microsoft · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Agent q: Advanced reasoning and learning for autonomous ai agents
Pranav Putta, Edmund Mills, Naman Garg, Sumeet Motwani, Chelsea Finn, Divyansh Garg, and Rafael Rafailov · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
From grounding to planning: Benchmarking bottlenecks in web agents
Segev Shlomov, Ben Wiesel, Aviad Sela, Ido Levy, Liane Galanti, and Roy Abitbol · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Step: Stacked llm policies for web actions
Paloma Sodhi, S.R.K. Branavan, Yoav Artzi, and Ryan McDonald · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
OpenAI · 2025
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Comet browser: A personal ai assistant
Perplexity · 2025
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Androidworld: A dynamic benchmarking environment for autonomous agents, 2025
Christopher Rawles, Sarah Clinckemaillie, Yifan Chang, Jonathan Waltz, Gabrielle Lau, Marybeth Fair, Alice Li, William Bishop, Wei Li, Folawiyo Campbell-Ajala, Daniel Toyama, Robert Berry, Divya Tyamagundlu, Timothy Lillicrap, and Oriana Riva · 2025
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Tinyfish: Enterprise web agents
TinyFish · 2025
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Safearena: Evaluating the safety of autonomous web agents
Ada Defne Tur, Nicholas Meade, Xing Han Lù, Alejandra Zambrano, Arkil Patel, Esin Durmus, Spandana Gella, Karolina Stańczak, and Siva Reddy · 2025
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Mobile-agent-v3: Fundamental agents for gui automation
Jiabo Ye, Xi Zhang, Haiyang Xu, Haowei Liu, Junyang Wang, Zhaoqing Zhu, Ziwei Zheng, Feiyu Gao, Junjie Cao, Zhengxi Lu, Jitong Liao, Qi Zheng, Fei Huang, Jingren Zhou, and Ming Yan · 2025
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