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Memory consumption of the Key-Value (KV) cache represents a major bottleneck for efficient large language model inference.
Attention is all you need
Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N. Gomez, Łukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin · 2017
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Pytorch: An imperative style, high-performance deep learning library
Adam Paszke, Sam Gross, Francisco Massa, Gal Lerer, James Bradbury, Gregory Chillemi, Luca Antiga, Alban Desmaison, Andreas Tejani, Soumith Chilamkurthy, et al · 2019
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Fast transformer decoding: One write-head is all you need
Noam Shazeer · 2019
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Huggingface’s transformers: State-of-the-art natural language processing, 2020
Thomas Wolf, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien Chaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi, Pierric Cistac, Tim Rault, Rémi Louf, Morgan Funtowicz, Joe Davison, Sam Shleifer, Patrick von Platen, Clara Ma, Yacine Jernite, Julien Plu, Canwen Xu, Teven Le Scao, Sylvain Gugger, Mariama Drame, Quentin Lhoest, and Alexander M. Rush · 2020
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A mathematical framework for transformer circuits
Nelson Elhage, Neel Nanda, Catherine Olsson, Tom Henighan, Nicholas Joseph, Ben Mann, Amanda Askell, Yuntao Bai, Anna Chen, Tom Conerly, Nova DasSarma, Dawn Drain, Deep Ganguli, Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Danny Hernandez, Andy Jones, Jackson Kernion, Liane Lovitt, Kamal Ndousse, Dario Amodei, Tom Brown, Jack Clark, Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, and Chris Olah · 2021
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Flashattention: Fast and memory-efficient exact attention with io-awareness
Tri Dao, Daniel Y. Fu, Stefano Ermon, Atri Rudra, and Christopher Ré · 2022
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Efficiently modeling long sequences with structured state spaces
Albert Gu, Karan Goel, and Christopher Ré · 2022
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Josh Achiam, Steven Adler, Sandhini Agarwal, Lama Ahmad, Ilge Akkaya, Florencia Leoni Aleman, Diogo Almeida, Janko Altenschmidt, Sam Altman, Shyamal Anadkat, et al · 2023
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Gqa: Training generalized multi-query transformer models from multi-head checkpoints
Joshua Ainslie, James Lee-Thorp, Michiel de Jong, Yury Zemlyanskiy, Federico Lebron, and Sumit Sanghai · 2023
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Mistral 7b
Albert Q. Jiang, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Arthur Mensch, Chris Bamford, Devendra Singh Chaplot, Diego de las Casas, Florian Bressand, Gianna Lengyel, Guillaume Lample, Lucile Saulnier, Lélio Renard Lavaud, Marie-Anne Lachaux, Pierre Stock, Teven Le Scao, Thibaut Lavril, Thomas Wang, Timothée Lacroix, and William El Sayed · 2023
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Needle in a haystack - pressure testing llms
Greg Kamradt · 2023
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Efficient memory management for large language model serving with pagedattention
Woosuk Kwon, Zhuohan Li, Siyuan Zhuang, Ying Sheng, Lianmin Zheng, Cody Hao Yu, Joseph Gonzalez, Hao Zhang, and Ion Stoica · 2023
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Hunter Lightman, Vineet Kosaraju, Yura Burda, Harri Edwards, Bowen Baker, Teddy Lee, Jan Leike, John Schulman, Ilya Sutskever, and Karl Cobbe · 2023
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Roformer: Enhanced transformer with rotary position embedding, 2023
Jianlin Su, Yu Lu, Shengfeng Pan, Ahmed Murtadha, Bo Wen, and Yunfeng Liu · 2023
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Efficient streaming language models with attention sinks
Guangxuan Xiao, Yuandong Tian, Beidi Chen, Song Han, and Mike Lewis · 2023
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Kivi : Plug-and-play 2bit kv cache quantization with streaming asymmetric quantization
Zirui Liu, Jiayi Yuan, Hongye Jin, Shaochen Zhong, Zhaozhuo Xu, Vladimir Braverman, Beidi Chen, and Xia Hu · 2023
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LongBench: A bilingual, multitask benchmark for long context understanding
Yushi Bai, Xin Lv, Jiajie Zhang, Hongchang Lyu, Jiankai Tang, Zhidian Huang, Zhengxiao Du, Xiao Liu, Aohan Zeng, Lei Hou, Yuxiao Dong, Jie Tang, and Juanzi Li · 2024
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FlashAttention-2: Faster attention with better parallelism and work partitioning
Tri Dao · 2024
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How to scale your model
Patil Deepak and Elmeleegy Amr · 2024
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Fast and efficient ai inference with new nvidia dynamo recipe on ai hypercomputer
Amr Elmeleegy Deepak Patil · 2024
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A simple and effective l 2 l_{2} norm-based strategy for kv cache compression
Alessio Devoto, Yu Zhao, Simone Scardapane, and Pasquale Minervini · 2024
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Ada-kv: Optimizing kv cache eviction by adaptive budget allocation for efficient llm inference
Yuan Feng, Junlin Lv, Yukun Cao, Xike Xie, and S Kevin Zhou · 2024
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Challenges in deploying long-context transformers: A theoretical peak performance analysis
Yao Fu · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Model tells you what to discard: Adaptive KV cache compression for LLMs
Suyu Ge, Yunan Zhang, Liyuan Liu, Minjia Zhang, Jiawei Han, and Jianfeng Gao · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Zamba: A compact 7b ssm hybrid model
Paolo Glorioso, Quentin Anthony, Yury Tokpanov, James Whittington, Jonathan Pilault, Adam Ibrahim, and Beren Millidge · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Mamba: Linear-time sequence modeling with selective state spaces
Albert Gu and Tri Dao · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Kvquant: Towards 10 million context length llm inference with kv cache quantization
Coleman Hooper, Sehoon Kim, Hiva Mohammadzadeh, Michael W. Mahoney, Yakun Sophia Shao, Kurt Keutzer, and Amir Gholami · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
System card: Claude opus 4 & claude sonnet 4
Anthropic · 2025
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Matharena: Evaluating llms on uncontaminated math competitions, February 2025
Mislav Balunović, Jasper Dekoninck, Ivo Petrov, Nikola Jovanović, and Martin Vechev · 2025
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Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning, 2025
DeepSeek-AI · 2025
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Gemini 2.5: Pushing the frontier with advanced reasoning, multimodality, long context, and next generation agentic capabilities
GeminiTeam · 2025
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Q-filters: Leveraging qk geometry for efficient kv cache compression
Nathan Godey, Alessio Devoto, Yu Zhao, Simone Scardapane, Pasquale Minervini, Éric de la Clergerie, and Benoît Sagot · 2025
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Inside vllm: Anatomy of a high-throughput llm inference system
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Cheng-Ping Hsieh, Simeng Sun, Samuel Kriman, Shantanu Acharya, Dima Rekesh, Fei Jia, Yang Zhang, and Boris Ginsburg · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Repeat after me: Transformers are better than state space models at copying
Samy Jelassi, David Brandfonbrener, Sham M. Kakade, and Eran Malach · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
MInference 1.0: Accelerating pre-filling for long-context LLMs via dynamic sparse attention
Huiqiang Jiang, Yucheng Li, Chengruidong Zhang, Qianhui Wu, Xufang Luo, Surin Ahn, Zhenhua Han, Amir H. Abdi, Dongsheng Li, Chin-Yew Lin, Yuqing Yang, and Lili Qiu · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Lost in the middle: How language models use long contexts
Nelson F. Liu, Kevin Lin, John Hewitt, Ashwin Paranjape, Michele Bevilacqua, Fabio Petroni, and Percy Liang · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
The illusion of state in state-space models
William Merrill, Jackson Petty, and Ashish Sabharwal · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Introducing llama 4: Advancing multimodal intelligence
MetaAI · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Dynamic memory compression: retrofitting llms for accelerated inference
Piotr Nawrot, Adrian Łańcucki, Marcin Chochowski, David Tarjan, and Edoardo M. Ponti · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Aleksa Gordić · 2025
Closest in time.
Kvzip: Query-agnostic kv cache compression with context reconstruction, 2025
Jang-Hyun Kim, Jinuk Kim, Sangwoo Kwon, Jae W. Lee, Sangdoo Yun, and Hyun Oh Song · 2025
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A survey on large language model acceleration based on KV cache management
Haoyang LI, Yiming Li, Anxin Tian, Tianhao Tang, Zhanchao Xu, Xuejia Chen, Nicole HU, Wei Dong, Li Qing, and Lei Chen · 2025
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Snapkv: Llm knows what you are looking for before generation
Yuhong Li, Yingbing Huang, Bowen Yang, Bharat Venkitesh, Acyr Locatelli, Hanchen Ye, Tianle Cai, Patrick Lewis, and Deming Chen · 2025
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Training-free activation sparsity in large language models, 2025
James Liu, Pragaash Ponnusamy, Tianle Cai, Han Guo, Yoon Kim, and Ben Athiwaratkun · 2025
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The llama 3 herd of models
MetaAI · 2025
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Aimo-2 winning solution: Building state-of-the-art mathematical reasoning models with openmathreasoning dataset
Ivan Moshkov, Darragh Hanley, Ivan Sorokin, Shubham Toshniwal, Christof Henkel, Benedikt Schifferer, Wei Du, and Igor Gitman · 2025
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Limitations of normalization in attention mechanism
Timur Mudarisov, Mikhail Burtsev, Tatiana Petrova, and Radu State · 2025
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Introducing deep research
OpenAI · 2025
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Keydiff: Key similarity-based kv cache eviction for long-context llm inference in resource-constrained environments
Junyoung Park, Dalton Jones, Matthew J Morse, Raghavv Goel, Mingu Lee, and Chris Lott · 2025
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Perplexity deep research
PerplexityAI · 2025
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Decoder-hybrid-decoder architecture for efficient reasoning with long generation
Liliang Ren, Congcong Chen, Haoran Xu, Young Jin Kim, Adam Atkinson, Zheng Zhan, Jiankai Sun, Baolin Peng, Liyuan Liu, Shuohang Wang, Hao Cheng, Jianfeng Gao, Weizhu Chen, and Yelong Shen · 2025
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Step-3 is large yet affordable: Model-system co-design for cost-effective decoding
StepFun, :, Bin Wang, Bojun Wang, Changyi Wan, Guanzhe Huang, Hanpeng Hu, Haonan Jia, Hao Nie, Mingliang Li, Nuo Chen, Siyu Chen, Song Yuan, Wuxun Xie, Xiaoniu Song, Xing Chen, Xingping Yang, Xuelin Zhang, Yanbo Yu, Yaoyu Wang, Yibo Zhu, Yimin Jiang, Yu Zhou, Yuanwei Lu, Houyi Li, Jingcheng Hu, Ka Man Lo, Ailin Huang, Binxing Jiao, Bo Li, Boyu Chen, Changxin Miao, Chang Lou, Chen Hu, Chen Xu, Chenfeng Yu, Chengyuan Yao, Daokuan Lv, Dapeng Shi, Deshan Sun, Ding Huang, Dingyuan Hu, Dongqing Pang, Enle Liu, Fajie Zhang, Fanqi Wan, Gulin Yan, Han Zhang, Han Zhou, Hanghao Wu, Hangyu Guo, Hanqi Chen, Hanshan Zhang, Hao Wu, Haocheng Zhang, Haolong Yan, Haoran Lv, Haoran Wei, Hebin Zhou, Heng Wang, Heng Wang, Hongxin Li, Hongyu Zhou, Hongyuan Wang, Huiyong Guo, Jia Wang, Jiahao Gong, Jialing Xie, Jian Zhou, Jianjian Sun, Jiaoren Wu, Jiaran Zhang, Jiayu Liu, Jie Cheng, Jie Luo, Jie Yan, Jie Yang, Jieyi Hou, Jinguang Zhang, Jinlan Cao, Jisheng Yin, Junfeng Liu, Junhao Huang, Junzhe Lin, Kaijun Tan, Kaixiang Li, Kang An, Kangheng Lin, Kenkun Liu, Lei Yang, Liang Zhao, Liangyu Chen, Lieyu Shi, Liguo Tan, Lin Lin, Lin Zhang, Lina Chen, Liwen Huang, Liying Shi, Longlong Gu, Mei Chen, Mengqiang Ren, Ming Li, Mingzhe Chen, Na Wang, Nan Wu, Qi Han, Qian Zhao, Qiang Zhang, Qianni Liu, Qiaohui Chen, Qiling Wu, Qinglin He, Qinyuan Tan, Qiufeng Wang, Qiuping Wu, Qiuyan Liang, Quan Sun, Rui Li, Ruihang Miao, Ruosi Wan, Ruyan Guo, Shangwu Zhong, Shaoliang Pang, Shengjie Fan, Shijie Shang, Shilei Jiang, Shiliang Yang, Shiming Hao, Shuli Gao, Siming Huang, Siqi Liu, Tiancheng Cao, Tianhao Cheng, Tianhao Peng, Wang You, Wei Ji, Wen Sun, Wenjin Deng, Wenqing He, Wenzhen Zheng, Xi Chen, Xiangwen Kong, Xianzhen Luo, Xiaobo Yang, Xiaojia Liu, Xiaoxiao Ren, Xin Han, Xin Li, Xin Wu, Xu Zhao, Yanan Wei, Yang Li, Yangguang Li, Yangshijie Xu, Yanming Xu, Yaqiang Shi, Yeqing Shen, Yi Yang, Yifei Yang, Yifeng Gong, Yihan Chen, Yijing Yang, Yinmin Zhang, Yizhuang Zhou, Yuanhao Ding, Yuantao Fan, Yuanzhen Yang, Yuchu Luo, Yue Peng, Yufan Lu, Yuhang Deng, Yuhe Yin, Yujie Liu, Yukun Chen, Yuling Zhao, Yun Mou, Yunlong Li, Yunzhou Ju, Yusheng Li, Yuxiang Yang, Yuxiang Zhang, Yuyang Chen, Zejia Weng, Zhe Xie, Zheng Ge, Zheng Gong, Zhenyi Lu, Zhewei Huang, Zhichao Chang, Zhiguo Huang, Zhirui Wang, Zidong Yang, Zili Wang, Ziqi Wang, Zixin Zhang, Binxing Jiao, Daxin Jiang, Heung-Yeung Shum, and Xiangyu Zhang · 2025
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The ai scientist-v2: Workshop-level automated scientific discovery via agentic tree search, 2025
Yutaro Yamada, Robert Tjarko Lange, Cong Lu, Shengran Hu, Chris Lu, Jakob Foerster, Jeff Clune, and David Ha · 2025
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Qwen3 technical report
An Yang, Anfeng Li, Baosong Yang, Beichen Zhang, Binyuan Hui, Bo Zheng, Bowen Yu, Chang Gao, Chengen Huang, Chenxu Lv, Chujie Zheng, Dayiheng Liu, Fan Zhou, Fei Huang, Feng Hu, Hao Ge, Haoran Wei, Huan Lin, Jialong Tang, Jian Yang, Jianhong Tu, Jianwei Zhang, Jianxin Yang, Jiaxi Yang, Jing Zhou, Jingren Zhou, Junyang Lin, Kai Dang, Keqin Bao, Kexin Yang, Le Yu, Lianghao Deng, Mei Li, Mingfeng Xue, Mingze Li, Pei Zhang, Peng Wang, Qin Zhu, Rui Men, Ruize Gao, Shixuan Liu, Shuang Luo, Tianhao Li, Tianyi Tang, Wenbiao Yin, Xingzhang Ren, Xinyu Wang, Xinyu Zhang, Xuancheng Ren, Yang Fan, Yang Su, Yichang Zhang, Yinger Zhang, Yu Wan, Yuqiong Liu, Zekun Wang, Zeyu Cui, Zhenru Zhang, Zhipeng Zhou, and Zihan Qiu · 2025
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Inference-time hyper-scaling with kv cache compression
Adrian Łańcucki, Konrad Staniszewski, Piotr Nawrot, and Edoardo M. Ponti · 2025
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