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Pretraining large language models (LLMs) on high-quality, structured data such as mathematics and code substantially enhances reasoning capabilities.
Megatron-LM: Training Multi-Billion Parameter Language Models Using Model Parallelism, 2020
Mohammad Shoeybi, Mostofa Patwary, Raul Puri, Patrick LeGresley, Jared Casper, and Bryan Catanzaro · 1909
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ZeRO: Memory Optimizations Toward Training Trillion Parameter Models, 2020
Samyam Rajbhandari, Jeff Rasley, Olatunji Ruwase, and Yuxiong He · 1910
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Identifying and filtering near-duplicate documents
Andrei Z Broder · 2000
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Measuring massive multitask language understanding, 2021a
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt · 2009
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More effective boilerplate removal-the goldminer algorithm
István Endrédy and Attila Novák · 2013
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Decoupled weight decay regularization
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Elastic ChatNoir: Search Engine for the ClueWeb and the Common Crawl
Janek Bevendorff, Benno Stein, Matthias Hagen, and Martin Potthast · 2018
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The pile: An 800gb dataset of diverse text for language modeling
Leo Gao, Stella Biderman, Sid Black, Laurence Golding, Travis Hoppe, Charles Foster, Jason Phang, Horace He, Anish Thite, Noa Nabeshima, et al · 2020
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Generative language modeling for automated theorem proving
Stanislas Polu and Ilya Sutskever · 2020
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Program Synthesis with Large Language Models, 2021
Jacob Austin, Augustus Odena, Maxwell Nye, Maarten Bosma, Henryk Michalewski, David Dohan, Ellen Jiang, Carrie Cai, Michael Terry, Quoc Le, and Charles Sutton · 2021
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Trafilatura: A Web Scraping Library and Command-Line Tool for Text Discovery and Extraction
Adrien Barbaresi · 2021
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Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code, 2021
Mark Chen, Jerry Tworek, Heewoo Jun, Qiming Yuan, Henrique Ponde de Oliveira Pinto, Jared Kaplan, et al · 2021
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Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problems, 2021
Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian, Mark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias Plappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro Nakano, Christopher Hesse, and John Schulman · 2021
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Naturalproofs: Mathematical theorem proving in natural language
Sean Welleck, Jiacheng Liu, Ronan Le Bras, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Yejin Choi, and Kyunghyun Cho · 2021
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The stack: 3 tb of permissively licensed source code
Denis Kocetkov, Raymond Li, Loubna Ben Allal, Jia Li, Chenghao Mou, Carlos Muñoz Ferrandis, Yacine Jernite, Margaret Mitchell, Sean Hughes, Thomas Wolf, et al · 2022
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Reducing Activation Recomputation in Large Transformer Models, 2022
Vijay Korthikanti, Jared Casper, Sangkug Lym, Lawrence McAfee, Michael Andersch, Mohammad Shoeybi, and Bryan Catanzaro · 2022
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Deduplicating training data makes language models better
Katherine Lee, Daphne Ippolito, Andrew Nystrom, Chiyuan Zhang, Douglas Eck, Chris Callison-Burch, and Nicholas Carlini · 2022
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Solving quantitative reasoning problems with language models
Aitor Lewkowycz, Anders Andreassen, David Dohan, Ethan Dyer, Henryk Michalewski, Vinay Ramasesh, Ambrose Slone, Cem Anil, Imanol Schlag, Theo Gutman-Solo, et al · 2022
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Proofnet: Autoformalizing and formally proving undergraduate-level mathematics
Zhangir Azerbayev, Bartosz Piotrowski, Hailey Schoelkopf, Edward W Ayers, Dragomir Radev, and Jeremy Avigad · 2023
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Starcoder: may the source be with you!
Raymond Li, Loubna Ben Allal, Yangtian Zi, Niklas Muennighoff, Denis Kocetkov, Chenghao Mou, Marc Marone, Christopher Akiki, Jia Li, Jenny Chim, et al · 2023
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Hunter Lightman, Vineet Kosaraju, Yura Burda, Harrison Edwards, Bowen Baker, Teddy Lee, Jan Leike, John Schulman, Ilya Sutskever, and Karl Cobbe · 2023
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Aixin Liu, Bei Feng, Bing Xue, Bingxuan Wang, Bochao Wu, Chengda Lu, Chenggang Zhao, Chengqi Deng, Chenyu Zhang, Chong Ruan, et al · 2024
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Starcoder 2 and the stack v2: The next generation
Anton Lozhkov, Raymond Li, Loubna Ben Allal, Federico Cassano, Joel Lamy-Poirier, Nouamane Tazi, Ao Tang, Dmytro Pykhtar, Jiawei Liu, Yuxiang Wei, et al · 2024
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Learning to reason with llms, 2024
OpenAI · 2024
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Openwebmath: An open dataset of high-quality mathematical web text
Keiran Paster, Marco Dos Santos, Zhangir Azerbayev, and Jimmy Ba · 2024
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Deepseekmath: Pushing the limits of mathematical reasoning in open language models
Zhihong Shao, Peiyi Wang, Qihao Zhu, Runxin Xu, Junxiao Song, Xiao Bi, Haowei Zhang, Mingchuan Zhang, YK Li, Y Wu, et al · 2024
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Jiawei Liu, Chunqiu Steven Xia, Yuyao Wang, and Lingming Zhang · 2023
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Scaling data-constrained language models, 2023
Niklas Muennighoff, Alexander M. Rush, Boaz Barak, Teven Le Scao, Aleksandra Piktus, Nouamane Tazi, Sampo Pyysalo, Thomas Wolf, and Colin Raffel · 2023
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The refinedweb dataset for falcon llm: Outperforming curated corpora with web data only
Guilherme Penedo, Quentin Malartic, Daniel Hesslow, Ruxandra Cojocaru, Hamza Alobeidli, Alessandro Cappelli, Baptiste Pannier, Ebtesam Almazrouei, and Julien Launay · 2023
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Rethinking benchmark and contamination for language models with rephrased samples, 2023
Shuo Yang, Wei-Lin Chiang, Lianmin Zheng, Joseph E. Gonzalez, and Ion Stoica · 2023
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Olmo 2: The best fully open language model to date
Ai2 · 2024
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To code or not to code? exploring impact of code in pre-training
Viraat Aryabumi, Yixuan Su, Raymond Ma, Adrien Morisot, Ivan Zhang, Acyr Locatelli, Marzieh Fadaee, Ahmet Üstün, and Sara Hooker · 2024
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Llemma: An open language model for mathematics
Zhangir Azerbayev, Hailey Schoelkopf, Keiran Paster, Marco Dos Santos, Stephen Marcus McAleer, Albert Q. Jiang, Jia Deng, Stella Biderman, and Sean Welleck · 2024
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Does your data spark joy? performance gains from domain upsampling at the end of training
Cody Blakeney, Mansheej Paul, Brett W Larsen, Sean Owen, and Jonathan Frankle · 2024
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Txt360: A top-quality llm pre-training dataset requires the perfect blend, 2024
Liping Tang, Nikhil Ranjan, Omkar Pangarkar, Xuezhi Liang, Zhen Wang, Li An, Bhaskar Rao, Linghao Jin, Huijuan Wang, Zhoujun Cheng, Suqi Sun, Cun Mu, Victor Miller, Xuezhe Ma, Yue Peng, Zhengzhong Liu, and Eric P. Xing · 2024
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Qwen Team · 2024
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Zyda-2: a 5 trillion token high-quality dataset
Yury Tokpanov, Paolo Glorioso, Quentin Anthony, and Beren Millidge · 2024
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Qwen2.5-math technical report: Toward mathematical expert model via self-improvement
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Smollm2: When smol goes big – data-centric training of a small language model, 2025
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Deepseek-v3 technical report, 2025
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Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning
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Nemotron-h: A family of accurate and efficient hybrid mamba-transformer models, 2025
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