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Reinforcement learning (RL) has enabled machine learning models to achieve significant advances in many fields.
Semi-supervised learning by entropy minimization
Yves Grandvalet and Yoshua Bengio · 2004
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Covariate shift and local learning by distribution matching
Joaquin Quiñonero-Candela, Masashi Sugiyama, Anton Schwaighofer, and N Lawrence · 2008
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Pseudo-label: The simple and efficient semi-supervised learning method for deep neural networks
Dong-Hyun Lee et al · 2013
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Deep reinforcement learning from human preferences
Paul F Christiano, Jan Leike, Tom Brown, Miljan Martic, Shane Legg, and Dario Amodei · 2017
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Autodial: Automatic domain alignment layers
Fabio Maria Carlucci, Lorenzo Porzi, Barbara Caputo, Elisa Ricci, and Samuel Rota Bulo · 2017
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Curiosity-driven exploration by self-supervised prediction
Deepak Pathak, Pulkit Agrawal, Alexei A Efros, and Trevor Darrell · 2017
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Deep learning is robust to massive label noise
David Rolnick, Andreas Veit, Serge Belongie, and Nir Shavit · 2017
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Proximal policy optimization algorithms
John Schulman, Filip Wolski, Prafulla Dhariwal, Alec Radford, and Oleg Klimov · 2017
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Correlation alignment for unsupervised domain adaptation
Baochen Sun, Jiashi Feng, and Kate Saenko · 2017
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Exploration by random network distillation
Yuri Burda, Harrison Edwards, Amos Storkey, and Oleg Klimov · 2018
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Diversity is all you need: Learning skills without a reward function
Benjamin Eysenbach, Abhishek Gupta, Julian Ibarz, and Sergey Levine · 2018
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A dirt-t approach to unsupervised domain adaptation
Rui Shu, Hung H Bui, Hirokazu Narui, and Stefano Ermon · 2018
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Mixmatch: A holistic approach to semi-supervised learning
David Berthelot, Nicholas Carlini, Ian Goodfellow, Nicolas Papernot, Avital Oliver, and Colin A Raffel · 2019
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Semi-supervised domain adaptation via minimax entropy
Kuniaki Saito, Donghyun Kim, Stan Sclaroff, Trevor Darrell, and Kate Saenko · 2019
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Evaluating prediction-time batch normalization for robustness under covariate shift
Zachary Nado, Shreyas Padhy, D Sculley, Alexander D’Amour, Balaji Lakshminarayanan, and Jasper Snoek · 2020
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Improving robustness against common corruptions by covariate shift adaptation
Steffen Schneider, Evgenia Rusak, Luisa Eck, Oliver Bringmann, Wieland Brendel, and Matthias Bethge · 2020
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Tent: Fully test-time adaptation by entropy minimization
Dequan Wang, Evan Shelhamer, Shaoteng Liu, Bruno Olshausen, and Trevor Darrell · 2020
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Training verifiers to solve math word problems
Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian, Mark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias Plappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro Nakano, et al · 2021
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Measuring mathematical problem solving with the math dataset
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Saurav Kadavath, Akul Arora, Steven Basart, Eric Tang, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt · 2021
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Behavior from the void: Unsupervised active pre-training
Hao Liu and Pieter Abbeel · 2021
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Reinforcement learning with prototypical representations
Denis Yarats, Rob Fergus, Alessandro Lazaric, and Lerrel Pinto · 2021
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Language models (mostly) know what they know
Saurav Kadavath, Tom Conerly, Amanda Askell, Tom Henighan, Dawn Drain, Ethan Perez, Nicholas Schiefer, Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Nova DasSarma, Eli Tran-Johnson, et al · 2022
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Competition-level code generation with alphacode
Yujia Li, David Choi, Junyoung Chung, Nate Kushman, Julian Schrittwieser, Rémi Leblond, Tom Eccles, James Keeling, Felix Gimeno, Agustin Dal Lago, Thomas Hubert, Peter Choy, Cyprien de Masson d’Autume, Igor Babuschkin, Xinyun Chen, Po-Sen Huang, Johannes Welbl, Sven Gowal, Alexey Cherepanov, James Molloy, Daniel Mankowitz, Esme Sutherland Robson, Pushmeet Kohli, Nando de Freitas, Koray Kavukcuoglu, and Oriol Vinyals · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Solving math word problems with process-and outcome-based feedback
Jonathan Uesato, Nate Kushman, Ramana Kumar, Francis Song, Noah Siegel, Lisa Wang, Antonia Creswell, Geoffrey Irving, and Irina Higgins · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models
Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V Le, Denny Zhou, et al · 2022
Towards uncertainty-aware language agent
Jiuzhou Han, Wray Buntine, and Ehsan Shareghi · 2024
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Chaoqun He, Renjie Luo, Yuzhuo Bai, Shengding Hu, Zhen Leng Thai, Junhao Shen, Jinyi Hu, Xu Han, Yujie Huang, Yuxiang Zhang, et al · 2024
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Aaron Jaech, Adam Kalai, Adam Lerer, Adam Richardson, Ahmed El-Kishky, Aiden Low, Alec Helyar, Aleksander Madry, Alex Beutel, Alex Carney, et al · 2024
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Calibrated language models must hallucinate
Adam Tauman Kalai and Santosh S Vempala · 2024
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Training language models to self-correct via reinforcement learning
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Cited alongside, same era.
Star: Bootstrapping reasoning with reasoning
Eric Zelikman, Yuhuai Wu, Jesse Mu, and Noah Goodman · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Code alpaca: An instruction-following llama model for code generation
Sahil Chaudhary · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
A survey of confidence estimation and calibration in large language models
Jiahui Geng, Fengyu Cai, Yuxia Wang, Heinz Koeppl, Preslav Nakov, and Iryna Gurevych · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Decomposing uncertainty for large language models through input clarification ensembling
Bairu Hou, Yujian Liu, Kaizhi Qian, Jacob Andreas, Shiyu Chang, and Yang Zhang · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Active retrieval augmented generation
Zhengbao Jiang, Frank F Xu, Luyu Gao, Zhiqing Sun, Qian Liu, Jane Dwivedi-Yu, Yiming Yang, Jamie Callan, and Graham Neubig · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Variational curriculum reinforcement learning for unsupervised discovery of skills
Seongun Kim, Kyowoon Lee, and Jaesik Choi · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Let’s verify step by step
Hunter Lightman, Vineet Kosaraju, Yuri Burda, Harrison Edwards, Bowen Baker, Teddy Lee, Jan Leike, John Schulman, Ilya Sutskever, and Karl Cobbe · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Selfcheckgpt: Zero-resource black-box hallucination detection for generative large language models
Potsawee Manakul, Adian Liusie, and Mark JF Gales · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Aviral Kumar, Vincent Zhuang, Rishabh Agarwal, Yi Su, John D Co-Reyes, Avi Singh, Kate Baumli, Shariq Iqbal, Colton Bishop, Rebecca Roelofs, et al · 2024
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Numinamath: The largest public dataset in ai4maths with 860k pairs of competition math problems and solutions
Jia Li, Edward Beeching, Lewis Tunstall, Ben Lipkin, Roman Soletskyi, Shengyi Huang, Kashif Rasul, Longhui Yu, Albert Q Jiang, Ziju Shen, et al · 2024
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Recursive introspection: Teaching language model agents how to self-improve
Yuxiao Qu, Tianjun Zhang, Naman Garg, and Aviral Kumar · 2024
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Gpqa: A graduate-level google-proof q&a benchmark
David Rein, Betty Li Hou, Asa Cooper Stickland, Jackson Petty, Richard Yuanzhe Pang, Julien Dirani, Julian Michael, and Samuel R Bowman · 2024
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Deepseekmath: Pushing the limits of mathematical reasoning in open language models
Zhihong Shao, Peiyi Wang, Qihao Zhu, Runxin Xu, Junxiao Song, Xiao Bi, Haowei Zhang, Mingchuan Zhang, YK Li, Y Wu, et al · 2024
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Hybridflow: A flexible and efficient rlhf framework
Guangming Sheng, Chi Zhang, Zilingfeng Ye, Xibin Wu, Wang Zhang, Ru Zhang, Yanghua Peng, Haibin Lin, and Chuan Wu · 2024
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Calibration and correctness of language models for code
Claudio Spiess, David Gros, Kunal Suresh Pai, Michael Pradel, Md Rafiqul Islam Rabin, Amin Alipour, Susmit Jha, Prem Devanbu, and Toufique Ahmed · 2024
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Enhancing trust in llm-generated code summaries with calibrated confidence scores
Yuvraj Virk, Premkumar Devanbu, and Toufique Ahmed · 2024
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A survey of calibration process for black-box llms
Liangru Xie, Hui Liu, Jingying Zeng, Xianfeng Tang, Yan Han, Chen Luo, Jing Huang, Zhen Li, Suhang Wang, and Qi He · 2024
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Sayself: Teaching llms to express confidence with self-reflective rationales
Tianyang Xu, Shujin Wu, Shizhe Diao, Xiaoze Liu, Xingyao Wang, Yangyi Chen, and Jing Gao · 2024
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On verbalized confidence scores for llms
Daniel Yang, Yao-Hung Hubert Tsai, and Makoto Yamada · 2024
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Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning
Daya Guo, Dejian Yang, Haowei Zhang, Junxiao Song, Ruoyu Zhang, Runxin Xu, Qihao Zhu, Shirong Ma, Peiyi Wang, Xiao Bi, et al · 2025
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Spurious rewards: Rethinking training signals in rlvr
Rulin Shao, Shuyue Stella Li, Rui Xin, Scott Geng, Yiping Wang, Sewoong Oh, Simon Shaolei Du, Nathan Lambert, Sewon Min, Ranjay Krishna, et al · 2025
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Reasoning models better express their confidence
Dongkeun Yoon, Seungone Kim, Sohee Yang, Sunkyoung Kim, Soyeon Kim, Yongil Kim, Eunbi Choi, Yireun Kim, and Minjoon Seo · 2025
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Learning to reason without external rewards
Xuandong Zhao, Zhewei Kang, Aosong Feng, Sergey Levine, and Dawn Song · 2025
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Ttrl: Test-time reinforcement learning
Yuxin Zuo, Kaiyan Zhang, Shang Qu, Li Sheng, Xuekai Zhu, Biqing Qi, Youbang Sun, Ganqu Cui, Ning Ding, and Bowen Zhou · 2025
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