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The emergence of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLRMs) has enabled sophisticated visual reasoning capabilities by integrating reinforcement learning and Chain-of-Thought (CoT) supervision.
Llama guard: Llm-based input-output safeguard for human-ai conversations
Hakan Inan, Kartikeya Upasani, Jianfeng Chi, Rashi Rungta, Krithika Iyer, Yuning Mao, Michael Tontchev, Qing Hu, Brian Fuller, Davide Testuggine, and 1 others. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Tree of thoughts: Deliberate problem solving with large language models
Shunyu Yao, Dian Yu, Jeffrey Zhao, Izhak Shafran, Tom Griffiths, Yuan Cao, and Karthik Narasimhan. 2023 · 2023
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Image hijacks: Adversarial images can control generative models at runtime
Luke Bailey, Euan Ong, Stuart Russell, and Scott Emmons. 2024 · 2024
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Zhe Chen, Weiyun Wang, Yue Cao, Yangzhou Liu, Zhangwei Gao, Erfei Cui, Jinguo Zhu, Shenglong Ye, Hao Tian, Zhaoyang Liu, Lixin Gu, Xuehui Wang, Qingyun Li, Yiming Ren, Zixuan Chen, Jiapeng Luo, Jiahao Wang, Tan Jiang, Bo Wang, and 21 others. 2024 · 2024
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Vision transformers need registers
Timothée Darcet, Maxime Oquab, Julien Mairal, and Piotr Bojanowski. 2024 · 2024
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Gemini 2.0 flash thinking
DeepMind. 2024 · 2024
Earlier work this paper cites.
Aaron Hurst, Adam Lerer, Adam P Goucher, Adam Perelman, Aditya Ramesh, Aidan Clark, AJ Ostrow, Akila Welihinda, Alan Hayes, Alec Radford, and 1 others. 2024 · 2024
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Aaron Jaech, Adam Kalai, Adam Lerer, Adam Richardson, Ahmed El-Kishky, Aiden Low, Alec Helyar, Aleksander Madry, Alex Beutel, Alex Carney, and 1 others. 2024 · 2024
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Images are achilles’ heel of alignment: Exploiting visual vulnerabilities for jailbreaking multimodal large language models
Yifan Li, Hangyu Guo, Kun Zhou, Wayne Xin Zhao, and Ji-Rong Wen. 2024 · 2024
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Mm-safetybench: A benchmark for safety evaluation of multimodal large language models
Xin Liu, Yichen Zhu, Jindong Gu, Yunshi Lan, Chao Yang, and Yu Qiao. 2024 · 2024
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Jailbreaking attack against multimodal large language model
Zhenxing Niu, Haodong Ren, Xinbo Gao, Gang Hua, and Rong Jin. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Visual adversarial examples jailbreak aligned large language models
Xiangyu Qi, Kaixuan Huang, Ashwinee Panda, Peter Henderson, Mengdi Wang, and Prateek Mittal. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
White-box multimodal jailbreaks against large vision-language models
Ruofan Wang, Xingjun Ma, Hanxu Zhou, Chuanjun Ji, Guangnan Ye, and Yu-Gang Jiang. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Llava-cot: Let vision language models reason step-by-step
Guowei Xu, Peng Jin, Hao Li, Yibing Song, Lichao Sun, and Li Yuan. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Multitrust: A comprehensive benchmark towards trustworthy multimodal large language models
Yichi Zhang, Yao Huang, Yitong Sun, Chang Liu, Zhe Zhao, Zhengwei Fang, Yifan Wang, Huanran Chen, Xiao Yang, Xingxing Wei, Hang Su, Yinpeng Dong, and Jun Zhu. 2024 · 2024
Safechain: Safety of language models with long chain-of-thought reasoning capabilities
Fengqing Jiang, Zhangchen Xu, Yuetai Li, Luyao Niu, Zhen Xiang, Bo Li, Bill Yuchen Lin, and Radha Poovendran. 2025 · 2025
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Mm-eureka: Exploring the frontiers of multimodal reasoning with rule-based reinforcement learning
Fanqing Meng, Lingxiao Du, Zongkai Liu, Zhixiang Zhou, Quanfeng Lu, Daocheng Fu, Tiancheng Han, Botian Shi, Wenhai Wang, Junjun He, and 1 others. 2025 · 2025
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Introducing o3 and o4-mini
OpenAI. 2025 · 2025
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A survey of efficient reasoning for large reasoning models: Language, multimodality, and beyond
Xiaoye Qu, Yafu Li, Zhao-yu Su, Weigao Sun, Jianhao Yan, Dongrui Liu, Ganqu Cui, Daizong Liu, Shuxian Liang, Junxian He, Peng Li, Wei Wei, Jing Shao, Chaochao Lu, Yue Zhang, Xian-Sheng Hua, Bowen Zhou, and Yu Cheng. 2025 · 2025
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Multimodal chain-of-thought reasoning: A comprehensive survey
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Cited alongside, same era.
QVQ-Max: A vision-language model with advanced visual reasoning capabilities
Alibaba. 2025 · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Shuai Bai, Keqin Chen, Xuejing Liu, Jialin Wang, Wenbin Ge, Sibo Song, Kai Dang, Peng Wang, Shijie Wang, Jun Tang, Humen Zhong, Yuanzhi Zhu, Mingkun Yang, Zhaohai Li, Jianqiang Wan, Pengfei Wang, Wei Ding, Zheren Fu, Yiheng Xu, and 8 others. 2025 · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Figstep: Jailbreaking large vision-language models via typographic visual prompts
Yichen Gong, Delong Ran, Jinyuan Liu, Conglei Wang, Tianshuo Cong, Anyu Wang, Sisi Duan, and Xiaoyun Wang. 2025 · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning
Daya Guo, Dejian Yang, Haowei Zhang, Junxiao Song, Ruoyu Zhang, Runxin Xu, Qihao Zhu, Shirong Ma, Peiyi Wang, Xiao Bi, and 1 others. 2025 · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Are smarter llms safer? exploring safety-reasoning trade-offs in prompting and fine-tuning
Ang Li, Yichuan Mo, Mingjie Li, Yifei Wang, and Yisen Wang. 2025a
Cited in the paper.
Perception, reason, think, and plan: A survey on large multimodal reasoning models
Yunxin Li, Zhenyu Liu, Zitao Li, Xuanyu Zhang, Zhenran Xu, Xinyu Chen, Haoyuan Shi, Shenyuan Jiang, Xintong Wang, Jifang Wang, Shouzheng Huang, Xinping Zhao, Borui Jiang, Lanqing Hong, Longyue Wang, Zhuotao Tian, Baoxing Huai, Wenhan Luo, Weihua Luo, and 3 others. 2025b
Cited in the paper.
Yaoting Wang, Shengqiong Wu, Yuecheng Zhang, William Wang, Ziwei Liu, Jiebo Luo, and Hao Fei. 2025 · 2025
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Shaotian Yan, Chen Shen, Wenxiao Wang, Liang Xie, Junjie Liu, and Jieping Ye. 2025 · 2025
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R1-onevision: Advancing generalized multimodal reasoning through cross-modal formalization
Yi Yang, Xiaoxuan He, Hongkun Pan, Xiyan Jiang, Yan Deng, Xingtao Yang, Haoyu Lu, Dacheng Yin, Fengyun Rao, Minfeng Zhu, and 1 others. 2025 · 2025
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Towards understanding the safety boundaries of deepseek models: Evaluation and findings
Zonghao Ying, Guangyi Zheng, Yongxin Huang, Deyue Zhang, Wenxin Zhang, Quanchen Zou, Aishan Liu, Xianglong Liu, and Dacheng Tao. 2025 · 2025
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The hidden risks of large reasoning models: A safety assessment of r1
Kaiwen Zhou, Chengzhi Liu, Xuandong Zhao, Shreedhar Jangam, Jayanth Srinivasa, Gaowen Liu, Dawn Song, and Xin Eric Wang. 2025 · 2025
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