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Incorporating external knowledge is crucial for knowledge-intensive tasks, such as question answering and fact checking.
TriviaQA: A large scale distantly supervised challenge dataset for reading comprehension
Mandar Joshi, Eunsol Choi, Daniel Weld, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2017 · 2017
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Know what you don‘t know: Unanswerable questions for SQuAD
Pranav Rajpurkar, Robin Jia, and Percy Liang. 2018 · 2018
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PubMedQA: A dataset for biomedical research question answering
Qiao Jin, Bhuwan Dhingra, Zhengping Liu, William Cohen, and Xinghua Lu. 2019 · 2019
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Natural questions: A benchmark for question answering research
Tom Kwiatkowski, Jennimaria Palomaki, Olivia Redfield, Michael Collins, Ankur Parikh, Chris Alberti, Danielle Epstein, Illia Polosukhin, Jacob Devlin, Kenton Lee, Kristina Toutanova, Llion Jones, Matthew Kelcey, Ming-Wei Chang, Andrew M. Dai, Jakob Uszkoreit, Quoc Le, and Slav Petrov. 2019 · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
Language models as knowledge bases?
Fabio Petroni, Tim Rocktäschel, Sebastian Riedel, Patrick Lewis, Anton Bakhtin, Yuxiang Wu, and Alexander Miller. 2019 · 2019
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Language models are unsupervised multitask learners
Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, Rewon Child, David Luan, Dario Amodei, Ilya Sutskever, et al. 2019 · 2019
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Entity-based knowledge conflicts in question answering
Shayne Longpre, Kartik Perisetla, Anthony Chen, Nikhil Ramesh, Chris DuBois, and Sameer Singh. 2021 · 2021
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KILT: a benchmark for knowledge intensive language tasks
Fabio Petroni, Aleksandra Piktus, Angela Fan, Patrick Lewis, Majid Yazdani, Nicola De Cao, James Thorne, Yacine Jernite, Vladimir Karpukhin, Jean Maillard, Vassilis Plachouras, Tim Rocktäschel, and Sebastian Riedel. 2021 · 2021
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Retrieval augmentation reduces hallucination in conversation
Kurt Shuster, Spencer Poff, Moya Chen, Douwe Kiela, and Jason Weston. 2021 · 2021
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Lora: Low-rank adaptation of large language models
Edward J Hu, Yelong Shen, Phillip Wallis, Zeyuan Allen-Zhu, Yuanzhi Li, Shean Wang, Lu Wang, Weizhu Chen, et al. 2022 · 2022
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TempoWiC: An evaluation benchmark for detecting meaning shift in social media
Daniel Loureiro, Aminette D’Souza, Areej Nasser Muhajab, Isabella A. White, Gabriel Wong, Luis Espinosa-Anke, Leonardo Neves, Francesco Barbieri, and Jose Camacho-Collados. 2022 · 2022
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Locating and editing factual associations in GPT
Kevin Meng, David Bau, Alex Andonian, and Yonatan Belinkov. 2022 · 2022
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Pythia: A suite for analyzing large language models across training and scaling
Stella Biderman, Hailey Schoelkopf, Quentin Gregory Anthony, Herbie Bradley, Kyle O’Brien, Eric Hallahan, Mohammad Aflah Khan, Shivanshu Purohit, USVSN Sai Prashanth, Edward Raff, et al. 2023 · 2023
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Dissecting recall of factual associations in auto-regressive language models
Mor Geva, Jasmijn Bastings, Katja Filippova, and Amir Globerson. 2023 · 2023
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The effect of scaling, retrieval augmentation and form on the factual consistency of language models
Lovisa Hagström, Denitsa Saynova, Tobias Norlund, Moa Johansson, and Richard Johansson. 2023 · 2023
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Large language models with controllable working memory
Daliang Li, Ankit Singh Rawat, Manzil Zaheer, Xin Wang, Michal Lukasik, Andreas Veit, Felix Yu, and Sanjiv Kumar. 2023 · 2023
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Pre-train, prompt, and predict: A systematic survey of prompting methods in natural language processing
Pengfei Liu, Weizhe Yuan, Jinlan Fu, Zhengbao Jiang, Hiroaki Hayashi, and Graham Neubig. 2023 · 2023
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Self-refine: Iterative refinement with self-feedback
Aman Madaan, Niket Tandon, Prakhar Gupta, Skyler Hallinan, Luyu Gao, Sarah Wiegreffe, Uri Alon, Nouha Dziri, Shrimai Prabhumoye, Yiming Yang, Shashank Gupta, Bodhisattwa Prasad Majumder, Katherine Hermann, Sean Welleck, Amir Yazdanbakhsh, and Peter Clark. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
FActScore: Fine-grained atomic evaluation of factual precision in long form text generation
Sewon Min, Kalpesh Krishna, Xinxi Lyu, Mike Lewis, Wen-tau Yih, Pang Koh, Mohit Iyyer, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Averitec: A dataset for real-world claim verification with evidence from the web
Michael Schlichtkrull, Zhijiang Guo, and Andreas Vlachos. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
ZeroSCROLLS: A zero-shot benchmark for long text understanding
Uri Shaham, Maor Ivgi, Avia Efrat, Jonathan Berant, and Omer Levy. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Large language models can be easily distracted by irrelevant context
Freda Shi, Xinyun Chen, Kanishka Misra, Nathan Scales, David Dohan, Ed Chi, Nathanael Schärli, and Denny Zhou. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Desiderata for the context use of question answering systems
Sagi Shaier, Lawrence Hunter, and Katharina von der Wense. 2024 · 2024
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Assessing “implicit” retrieval robustness of large language models
Xiaoyu Shen, Rexhina Blloshmi, Dawei Zhu, Jiahuan Pei, and Wei Zhang. 2024 · 2024
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Trusting your evidence: Hallucinate less with context-aware decoding
Weijia Shi, Xiaochuang Han, Mike Lewis, Yulia Tsvetkov, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Wen-tau Yih. 2024 · 2024
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What evidence do language models find convincing?
Alexander Wan, Eric Wallace, and Dan Klein. 2024 · 2024
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Large language models can learn temporal reasoning
Siheng Xiong, Ali Payani, Ramana Kompella, and Faramarz Fekri. 2024 · 2024
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Knowledge conflicts for LLMs: A survey
Rongwu Xu, Zehan Qi, Zhijiang Guo, Cunxiang Wang, Hongru Wang, Yue Zhang, and Wei Xu. 2024 · 2024
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Scientific fact-checking: A survey of resources and approaches
Juraj Vladika and Florian Matthes. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Retrieval-augmented generation in multilingual settings
Nadezhda Chirkova, David Rau, Hervé Déjean, Thibault Formal, Stéphane Clinchant, and Vassilina Nikoulina. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Lookback lens: Detecting and mitigating contextual hallucinations in large language models using only attention maps
Yung-Sung Chuang, Linlu Qiu, Cheng-Yu Hsieh, Ranjay Krishna, Yoon Kim, and James R. Glass. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Improving factuality and reasoning in language models through multiagent debate
Yilun Du, Shuang Li, Antonio Torralba, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, and Igor Mordatch. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Enhancing noise robustness of retrieval-augmented language models with adaptive adversarial training
Feiteng Fang, Yuelin Bai, Shiwen Ni, Min Yang, Xiaojun Chen, and Ruifeng Xu. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Don‘t hallucinate, abstain: Identifying LLM knowledge gaps via multi-LLM collaboration
Shangbin Feng, Weijia Shi, Yike Wang, Wenxuan Ding, Vidhisha Balachandran, and Yulia Tsvetkov. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Retrieval-augmented generation for large language models: A survey
Yunfan Gao, Yun Xiong, Xinyu Gao, Kangxiang Jia, Jinliu Pan, Yuxi Bi, Yi Dai, Jiawei Sun, Meng Wang, and Haofen Wang. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
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An Yang, Baosong Yang, Beichen Zhang, Binyuan Hui, Bo Zheng, Bowen Yu, Chengyuan Li, Dayiheng Liu, Fei Huang, Haoran Wei, Huan Lin, Jian Yang, Jianhong Tu, Jianwei Zhang, Jianxin Yang, Jiaxi Yang, Jingren Zhou, Junyang Lin, Kai Dang, Keming Lu, Keqin Bao, Kexin Yang, Le Yu, Mei Li, Mingfeng Xue, Pei Zhang, Qin Zhu, Rui Men, Runji Lin, Tianhao Li, Tingyu Xia, Xingzhang Ren, Xuancheng Ren, Yang Fan, Yang Su, Yichang Zhang, Yu Wan, Yuqiong Liu, Zeyu Cui, Zhenru Zhang, and Zihan Qiu. 2024 · 2024
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Making retrieval-augmented language models robust to irrelevant context
Ori Yoran, Tomer Wolfson, Ori Ram, and Jonathan Berant. 2024 · 2024
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Discerning and resolving knowledge conflicts through adaptive decoding with contextual information-entropy constraint
Xiaowei Yuan, Zhao Yang, Yequan Wang, Shengping Liu, Jun Zhao, and Kang Liu. 2024 · 2024
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Enhancing contextual understanding in large language models through contrastive decoding
Zheng Zhao, Emilio Monti, Jens Lehmann, and Haytham Assem. 2024 · 2024
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Stress Testing Factual Consistency Metrics for Long-Document Summarization
Zain Muhammad Mujahid, Dustin Wright, and Isabelle Augenstein. 2025 · 2025
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Fact recall, heuristics or pure guesswork? precise interpretations of language models for fact completion
Denitsa Saynova, Lovisa Hagström, Moa Johansson, Richard Johansson, and Marco Kuhlmann. 2025 · 2025
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Evaluation Framework for Highlight Explanations of Context Utilisation in Language Models
Jingyi Sun, Pepa Atanasova, Sagnik Ray Choudhury, Sekh Mainul Islam, and Isabelle Augenstein. 2025 · 2025
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AdaCAD: Adaptively decoding to balance conflicts between contextual and parametric knowledge
Han Wang, Archiki Prasad, Elias Stengel-Eskin, and Mohit Bansal. 2025 · 2025
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Axbench: Steering LLMs? Even simple baselines outperform sparse autoencoders
Zhengxuan Wu, Aryaman Arora, Atticus Geiger, Zheng Wang, Jing Huang, Dan Jurafsky, Christopher D Manning, and Christopher Potts. 2025 · 2025
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Steering knowledge selection behaviours in LLMs via SAE-based representation engineering
Yu Zhao, Alessio Devoto, Giwon Hong, Xiaotang Du, Aryo Pradipta Gema, Hongru Wang, Xuanli He, Kam-Fai Wong, and Pasquale Minervini. 2025 · 2025
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Multi-Step Knowledge Interaction Analysis via Rank-2 Subspace Disentanglement
Sekh Mainul Islam, Pepa Atanasova, and Isabelle Augenstein. 2026 · 2026
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