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Large language model (LLM)-based embedding models, benefiting from large scale pre-training and post-training, have begun to surpass BERT and T5-based models on general-purpose text embedding tasks such as document retrieval.
Deep unsupervised learning using nonequilibrium thermodynamics
Jascha Sohl-Dickstein, Eric Weiss, Niru Maheswaranathan, and Surya Ganguli. 2015 · 2015
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BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding
Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2019 · 2019
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Language models are unsupervised multitask learners
Alec Radford, Jeff Wu, Rewon Child, David Luan, Dario Amodei, and Ilya Sutskever. 2019 · 2019
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The curious case of neural text degeneration
Ari Holtzman, Jan Buys, Li Du, Maxwell Forbes, and Yejin Choi. 2020 · 2020
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Dense passage retrieval for open-domain question answering
Vladimir Karpukhin, Barlas Oguz, Sewon Min, Patrick Lewis, Ledell Wu, Sergey Edunov, Danqi Chen, and Wen-tau Yih. 2020 · 2020
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Efficient document re-ranking for transformers by precomputing term representations
Sean MacAvaney, Franco Maria Nardini, Raffaele Perego, Nicola Tonellotto, Nazli Goharian, and Ophir Frieder. 2020 · 2020
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Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer
Colin Raffel, Noam Shazeer, Adam Roberts, Katherine Lee, Sharan Narang, Michael Matena, Yanqi Zhou, Wei Li, and Peter J. Liu. 2020 · 2020
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Structured denoising diffusion models in discrete state-spaces
Jacob Austin, Daniel D. Johnson, Jonathan Ho, Daniel Tarlow, and Rianne van den Berg. 2021 · 2021
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SimCSE: Simple contrastive learning of sentence embeddings
Tianyu Gao, Xingcheng Yao, and Danqi Chen. 2021 · 2021
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Unsupervised dense information retrieval with contrastive learning
Gautier Izacard, Mathilde Caron, Lucas Hosseini, Sebastian Riedel, Piotr Bojanowski, Armand Joulin, and Edouard Grave. 2021 · 2021
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Score-based generative modeling through stochastic differential equations
Yang Song, Jascha Sohl-Dickstein, Diederik P Kingma, Abhishek Kumar, Stefano Ermon, and Ben Poole. 2021 · 2021
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Augmented SBERT: Data augmentation method for improving bi-encoders for pairwise sentence scoring tasks
Nandan Thakur, Nils Reimers, Johannes Daxenberger, and Iryna Gurevych. 2021 · 2021
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Albert Q. Jiang, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Arthur Mensch, Chris Bamford, Devendra Singh Chaplot, Diego de las Casas, Florian Bressand, Gianna Lengyel, Guillaume Lample, Lucile Saulnier, Lélio Renard Lavaud, Marie-Anne Lachaux, Pierre Stock, Teven Le Scao, Thibaut Lavril, Thomas Wang, Timothée Lacroix, and William El Sayed. 2023 · 2023
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Fast inference from transformers via speculative decoding
Yaniv Leviathan, Matan Kalman, and Yossi Matias. 2023 · 2023
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Making large language models a better foundation for dense retrieval
Chaofan Li, Zheng Liu, Shitao Xiao, and Yingxia Shao. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
MTEB: Massive text embedding benchmark
Niklas Muennighoff, Nouamane Tazi, Loic Magne, and Nils Reimers. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Ar-diffusion: Auto-regressive diffusion model for text generation
Tong Wu, Zhihao Fan, Xiao Liu, Yeyun Gong, Yelong Shen, Jian Jiao, Hai-Tao Zheng, Juntao Li, Zhongyu Wei, Jian Guo, Nan Duan, and Weizhu Chen. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Tractable control for autoregressive language generation
Honghua Zhang, Meihua Dang, Nanyun Peng, and Guy Van Den Broeck. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
LLM2Vec: Large language models are secretly powerful text encoders
Parishad BehnamGhader, Vaibhav Adlakha, Marius Mosbach, Dzmitry Bahdanau, Nicolas Chapados, and Siva Reddy. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Mrag: A modular retrieval framework for time-sensitive question answering
Zhang Siyue, Xue Yuxiang, Zhang Yiming, Wu Xiaobao, Luu Anh Tuan, and Zhao Chen. 2024 · 2024
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Benjamin Warner, Antoine Chaffin, Benjamin Clavié, Orion Weller, Oskar Hallström, Said Taghadouini, Alexis Gallagher, Raja Biswas, Faisal Ladhak, Tom Aarsen, Nathan Cooper, Griffin Adams, Jeremy Howard, and Iacopo Poli. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Followir: Evaluating and teaching information retrieval models to follow instructions
Orion Weller, Benjamin Chang, Sean MacAvaney, Kyle Lo, Arman Cohan, Benjamin Van Durme, Dawn Lawrie, and Luca Soldaini. 2024 · 2024
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An Yang, Baosong Yang, Binyuan Hui, Bo Zheng, Bowen Yu, Chang Zhou, Chengpeng Li, Chengyuan Li, Dayiheng Liu, Fei Huang, Guanting Dong, Haoran Wei, Huan Lin, Jialong Tang, Jialin Wang, Jian Yang, Jianhong Tu, Jianwei Zhang, Jianxin Ma, Jianxin Yang, Jin Xu, Jingren Zhou, Jinze Bai, Jinzheng He, Junyang Lin, Kai Dang, Keming Lu, Keqin Chen, Kexin Yang, Mei Li, Mingfeng Xue, Na Ni, Pei Zhang, Peng Wang, Ru Peng, Rui Men, Ruize Gao, Runji Lin, Shijie Wang, Shuai Bai, Sinan Tan, Tianhang Zhu, Tianhao Li, Tianyu Liu, Wenbin Ge, Xiaodong Deng, Xiaohuan Zhou, Xingzhang Ren, Xinyu Zhang, Xipin Wei, Xuancheng Ren, Xuejing Liu, Yang Fan, Yang Yao, Yichang Zhang, Yu Wan, Yunfei Chu, Yuqiong Liu, Zeyu Cui, Zhenru Zhang, Zhifang Guo, and Zhihao Fan. 2024 · 2024
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M3-embedding: Multi-linguality, multi-functionality, multi-granularity text embeddings through self-knowledge distillation
Jianlyu Chen, Shitao Xiao, Peitian Zhang, Kun Luo, Defu Lian, and Zheng Liu. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
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Nv-embed: Improved techniques for training llms as generalist embedding models
Chankyu Lee, Rajarshi Roy, Mengyao Xu, Jonathan Raiman, Mohammad Shoeybi, Bryan Catanzaro, and Wei Ping. 2024 · 2024
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Discrete diffusion language modeling by estimating the ratios of the data distribution
Aaron Lou, Chenlin Meng, and Stefano Ermon. 2024 · 2024
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Fine-tuning llama for multi-stage text retrieval
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LongEmbed: Extending embedding models for long context retrieval
Dawei Zhu, Liang Wang, Nan Yang, Yifan Song, Wenhao Wu, Furu Wei, and Sujian Li. 2024 · 2024
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Llm test - needle in a haystack
Greg Kamradt. 2024 · 2025
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Generative representational instruction tuning
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Large language diffusion models
Shen Nie, Fengqi Zhu, Zebin You, Xiaolu Zhang, Jingyang Ou, Jun Hu, Jun Zhou, Yankai Lin, Ji-Rong Wen, and Chongxuan Li. 2025 · 2025
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Repetition improves language model embeddings
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Dream 7b: Introducing dream 7b, the most powerful open diffusion large language model to date
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