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Code embedding models attract increasing attention due to the widespread popularity of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) in software development.
Codesearchnet challenge: Evaluating the state of semantic code search
Hamel Husain, Ho-Hsiang Wu, Tiferet Gazit, Miltiadis Allamanis, and Marc Brockschmidt · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
Document expansion by query prediction
Rodrigo Nogueira, Wei Yang, Jimmy Lin, and Kyunghyun Cho · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
Gpl: Generative pseudo labeling for unsupervised domain adaptation of dense retrieval
Kexin Wang, Nandan Thakur, Nils Reimers, and Iryna Gurevych · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
Beir: A heterogenous benchmark for zero-shot evaluation of information retrieval models
Nandan Thakur, Nils Reimers, Andreas Rücklé, Abhishek Srivastava, and Iryna Gurevych · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
Unsupervised dense information retrieval with contrastive learning
Gautier Izacard, Mathilde Caron, Lucas Hosseini, Sebastian Riedel, Piotr Bojanowski, Armand Joulin, and Edouard Grave · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
Inpars: Unsupervised dataset generation for information retrieval
Luiz Bonifacio, Hugo Abonizio, Marzieh Fadaee, and Rodrigo Nogueira · 2022
Earlier work this paper cites.
Promptagator: Few-shot dense retrieval from 8 examples
Zhuyun Dai, Vincent Y Zhao, Ji Ma, Yi Luan, Jianmo Ni, Jing Lu, Anton Bakalov, Kelvin Guu, Keith B Hall, and Ming-Wei Chang · 2022
Earlier work this paper cites.
Mteb: Massive text embedding benchmark
Niklas Muennighoff, Nouamane Tazi, Loïc Magne, and Nils Reimers · 2022
Earlier work this paper cites.
Unixcoder: Unified cross-modal pre-training for code representation
Daya Guo, Shuai Lu, Nan Duan, Yanlin Wang, Ming Zhou, and Jian Yin · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Task-aware retrieval with instructions
Akari Asai, Timo Schick, Patrick Lewis, Xilun Chen, Gautier Izacard, Sebastian Riedel, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, and Wen-tau Yih · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Lora: Low-rank adaptation of large language models
Edward J Hu, Yelong Shen, Phillip Wallis, Zeyuan Allen-Zhu, Yuanzhi Li, Shean Wang, Lu Wang, Weizhu Chen, et al · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Leveraging llms for synthesizing training data across many languages in multilingual dense retrieval
Nandan Thakur, Jianmo Ni, Gustavo Hernández Ábrego, John Wieting, Jimmy Lin, and Daniel Cer · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Making large language models a better foundation for dense retrieval
Aaron Hurst, Adam Lerer, Adam P Goucher, Adam Perelman, Aditya Ramesh, Aidan Clark, AJ Ostrow, Akila Welihinda, Alan Hayes, Alec Radford, et al · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Qwen2. 5-coder technical report
Binyuan Hui, Jian Yang, Zeyu Cui, Jiaxi Yang, Dayiheng Liu, Lei Zhang, Tianyu Liu, Jiajun Zhang, Bowen Yu, Keming Lu, et al · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Nv-retriever: Improving text embedding models with effective hard-negative mining
Gabriel de Souza P Moreira, Radek Osmulski, Mengyao Xu, Ronay Ak, Benedikt Schifferer, and Even Oldridge · 2024
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Jianlv Chen, Shitao Xiao, Peitian Zhang, Kun Luo, Defu Lian, and Zheng Liu · 2024
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Chaofan Li, Zheng Liu, Shitao Xiao, and Yingxia Shao · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Jina embeddings 2: 8192-token general-purpose text embeddings for long documents
Michael Günther, Jackmin Ong, Isabelle Mohr, Alaeddine Abdessalem, Tanguy Abel, Mohammad Kalim Akram, Susana Guzman, Georgios Mastrapas, Saba Sturua, Bo Wang, et al · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Sfr-embedding-mistral:enhance text retrieval with transfer learning
Rui Meng, Ye Liu, Shafiq Rayhan Joty, Caiming Xiong, Yingbo Zhou, and Semih Yavuz · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Codexembed: A generalist embedding model family for multiligual and multi-task code retrieval
Ye Liu, Rui Meng, Shafiq Joty, Silvio Savarese, Caiming Xiong, Yingbo Zhou, and Semih Yavuz · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Coir: A comprehensive benchmark for code information retrieval models
Xiangyang Li, Kuicai Dong, Yi Quan Lee, Wei Xia, Hao Zhang, Xinyi Dai, Yasheng Wang, and Ruiming Tang
Cited in the paper.
Coderag-bench: Can retrieval augment code generation?
Zora Zhiruo Wang, Akari Asai, Xinyan Velocity Yu, Frank F Xu, Yiqing Xie, Graham Neubig, and Daniel Fried
Cited in the paper.
Query2doc: Query expansion with large language models
Liang Wang, Nan Yang, and Furu Wei
Cited in the paper.
Gecko: Versatile text embeddings distilled from large language models
Jinhyuk Lee, Zhuyun Dai, Xiaoqi Ren, Blair Chen, Daniel Cer, Jeremy R Cole, Kai Hui, Michael Boratko, Rajvi Kapadia, Wen Ding, et al
Cited in the paper.
Jinhyuk Lee, Feiyang Chen, Sahil Dua, Daniel Cer, Madhuri Shanbhogue, Iftekhar Naim, Gustavo Hernández Ábrego, Zhe Li, Kaifeng Chen, Henrique Schechter Vera, et al · 2025
Closest in time.
Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning
Daya Guo, Dejian Yang, Haowei Zhang, Junxiao Song, Ruoyu Zhang, Runxin Xu, Qihao Zhu, Shirong Ma, Peiyi Wang, Xiao Bi, et al · 2025
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Light-r1: Curriculum sft, dpo and rl for long cot from scratch and beyond
Liang Wen, Yunke Cai, Fenrui Xiao, Xin He, Qi An, Zhenyu Duan, Yimin Du, Junchen Liu, Lifu Tang, Xiaowei Lv, et al · 2025
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