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Data quality has become a key factor in enhancing model performance with the rapid development of large language models (LLMs).
Common crawl
Common Crawl · 2007
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FastText.zip: Compressing text classification models
Armand Joulin, Edouard Grave, Piotr Bojanowski, Matthijs Douze, Hérve Jégou, and Tomas Mikolov · 2016
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Think you have solved question answering? try arc, the ai2 reasoning challenge
Peter Clark, Isaac Cowhey, Oren Etzioni, Tushar Khot, Ashish Sabharwal, Carissa Schoenick, and Oyvind Tafjord · 2018
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Can a suit of armor conduct electricity? a new dataset for open book question answering
Todor Mihaylov, Peter Clark, Tushar Khot, and Ashish Sabharwal · 2018
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Commonsenseqa: A question answering challenge targeting commonsense knowledge
Alon Talmor, Jonathan Herzig, Nicholas Lourie, and Jonathan Berant · 2018
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Socialiqa: Commonsense reasoning about social interactions, 2019
Maarten Sap, Hannah Rashkin, Derek Chen, Ronan LeBras, and Yejin Choi · 2019
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Megatron-lm: Training multi-billion parameter language models using model parallelism
Mohammad Shoeybi, Mostofa Patwary, Raul Puri, Patrick LeGresley, Jared Casper, and Bryan Catanzaro · 2019
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Ccnet: Extracting high quality monolingual datasets from web crawl data
Guillaume Wenzek, Marie-Anne Lachaux, Alexis Conneau, Vishrav Chaudhary, Francisco Guzmán, Armand Joulin, and Edouard Grave · 2019
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Hellaswag: Can a machine really finish your sentence?
Rowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Yonatan Bisk, Ali Farhadi, and Yejin Choi · 2019
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Piqa: Reasoning about physical commonsense in natural language
Yonatan Bisk, Rowan Zellers, Jianfeng Gao, Yejin Choi, et al · 2020
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The Pile: An 800GB dataset of diverse text for language modeling
Leo Gao, Stella Biderman, Sid Black, Laurence Golding, Travis Hoppe, Charles Foster, Jason Phang, Horace He, Anish Thite, Noa Nabeshima, et al · 2020
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Measuring massive multitask language understanding
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt · 2020
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Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer
Colin Raffel, Noam Shazeer, Adam Roberts, Katherine Lee, Sharan Narang, Michael Matena, Yanqi Zhou, Wei Li, and Peter J Liu · 2020
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Program synthesis with large language models
Jacob Austin, Augustus Odena, Maxwell Nye, Maarten Bosma, Henryk Michalewski, David Dohan, Ellen Jiang, Carrie Cai, Michael Terry, Quoc Le, et al · 2021
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Evaluating large language models trained on code
Mark Chen, Jerry Tworek, Heewoo Jun, Qiming Yuan, Henrique Ponde De Oliveira Pinto, Jared Kaplan, Harri Edwards, Yuri Burda, Nicholas Joseph, Greg Brockman, et al · 2021
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Pre-trained models: Past, present and future
Xu Han, Zhengyan Zhang, Ning Ding, Yuxian Gu, Xiao Liu, Yuqi Huo, Jiezhong Qiu, Yuan Yao, Ao Zhang, Liang Zhang, et al · 2021
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Measuring mathematical problem solving with the math dataset
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Saurav Kadavath, Akul Arora, Steven Basart, Eric Tang, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt · 2021
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Deduplicating training data makes language models better
Katherine Lee, Daphne Ippolito, Andrew Nystrom, Chiyuan Zhang, Douglas Eck, Chris Callison-Burch, and Nicholas Carlini · 2021
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Scaling language models: Methods, analysis & insights from training gopher
Jack W Rae, Sebastian Borgeaud, Trevor Cai, Katie Millican, Jordan Hoffmann, Francis Song, John Aslanides, Sarah Henderson, Roman Ring, Susannah Young, et al · 2021
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Winogrande: An adversarial winograd schema challenge at scale
Keisuke Sakaguchi, Ronan Le Bras, Chandra Bhagavatula, and Yejin Choi · 2021
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Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback
Long Ouyang, Jeffrey Wu, Xu Jiang, Diogo Almeida, Carroll Wainwright, Pamela Mishkin, Chong Zhang, Sandhini Agarwal, Katarina Slama, Alex Ray, et al · 2022
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Challenging big-bench tasks and whether chain-of-thought can solve them
Mirac Suzgun, Nathan Scales, Nathanael Schärli, Sebastian Gehrmann, Yi Tay, Hyung Won Chung, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Quoc V Le, Ed H Chi, Denny Zhou, et al · 2022
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Tensor programs v: Tuning large neural networks via zero-shot hyperparameter transfer
Greg Yang, Edward J Hu, Igor Babuschkin, Szymon Sidor, Xiaodong Liu, David Farhi, Nick Ryder, Jakub Pachocki, Weizhu Chen, and Jianfeng Gao · 2022
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Wudao corpus, 2023
BAAI · 2023
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Jinze Bai, Shuai Bai, Yunfei Chu, Zeyu Cui, Kai Dang, Xiaodong Deng, Yang Fan, Wenbin Ge, Yu Han, Fei Huang, et al · 2023
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ChineseWebText: Large-scale high-quality chinese web text extracted with effective evaluation model
MiniCPM: Unveiling the potential of small language models with scalable training strategies
Shengding Hu, Yuge Tu, Xu Han, Chaoqun He, Ganqu Cui, Xiang Long, Zhi Zheng, Yewei Fang, Yuxiang Huang, Weilin Zhao, et al · 2024
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Datacomp-lm: In search of the next generation of training sets for language models
Jeffrey Li, Alex Fang, Georgios Smyrnis, Maor Ivgi, Matt Jordan, Samir Gadre, Hritik Bansal, Etash Guha, Sedrick Keh, Kushal Arora, et al · 2024
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Deepseek-v2: A strong, economical, and efficient mixture-of-experts language model
Aixin Liu, Bei Feng, Bin Wang, Bingxuan Wang, Bo Liu, Chenggang Zhao, Chengqi Dengr, Chong Ruan, Damai Dai, Daya Guo, et al · 2024
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Starcoder 2 and the stack v2: The next generation
Anton Lozhkov, Raymond Li, Loubna Ben Allal, Federico Cassano, Joel Lamy-Poirier, Nouamane Tazi, Ao Tang, Dmytro Pykhtar, Jiawei Liu, Yuxiang Wei, et al · 2024
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alphaXiv searches the wider corpus for related work and actual follow-ups.
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Jianghao Chen, Pu Jian, Tengxiao Xi, Dongyi Yi, Qianlong Du, Chenglin Ding, Guibo Zhu, Chengqing Zong, Jinqiao Wang, and Jiajun Zhang · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Opencompass: A universal evaluation platform for foundation models
OpenCompass Contributors · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Lighteval: A lightweight framework for llm evaluation, 2023
Clémentine Fourrier, Nathan Habib, Hynek Kydlíček, Thomas Wolf, and Lewis Tunstall · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Suriya Gunasekar, Yi Zhang, Jyoti Aneja, Caio César Teodoro Mendes, Allie Del Giorno, Sivakanth Gopi, Mojan Javaheripi, Piero Kauffmann, Gustavo de Rosa, Olli Saarikivi, et al · 2023
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C-eval: A multi-level multi-discipline chinese evaluation suite for foundation models
Yuzhen Huang, Yuzhuo Bai, Zhihao Zhu, Junlei Zhang, Jinghan Zhang, Tangjun Su, Junteng Liu, Chuancheng Lv, Yikai Zhang, Jiayi Lei, Yao Fu, Maosong Sun, and Junxian He · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Cmmlu: Measuring massive multitask language understanding in chinese, 2023
Haonan Li, Yixuan Zhang, Fajri Koto, Yifei Yang, Hai Zhao, Yeyun Gong, Nan Duan, and Timothy Baldwin · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Michao-huafen 1.0: A specialized pre-trained corpus dataset for domain-specific large models
Yidong Liu, FuKai Shang, Fang Wang, Rui Xu, Jun Wang, Wei Li, Yao Li, and Conghui He · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Guilherme Penedo, Quentin Malartic, Daniel Hesslow, Ruxandra Cojocaru, Alessandro Cappelli, Hamza Alobeidli, Baptiste Pannier, Ebtesam Almazrouei, and Julien Launay · 2023
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Scaling data-constrained language models
Niklas Muennighoff, Alexander Rush, Boaz Barak, Teven Le Scao, Nouamane Tazi, Aleksandra Piktus, Sampo Pyysalo, Thomas Wolf, and Colin A Raffel · 2024
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The fineweb datasets: Decanting the web for the finest text data at scale
Guilherme Penedo, Hynek Kydlíček, Anton Lozhkov, Margaret Mitchell, Colin Raffel, Leandro Von Werra, Thomas Wolf, et al · 2024
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Wanjuan-cc: A safe and high-quality open-sourced english webtext dataset
Jiantao Qiu, Haijun Lv, Zhenjiang Jin, Rui Wang, Wenchang Ning, Jia Yu, ChaoBin Zhang, Zhenxiang Li, Pei Chu, Yuan Qu, et al · 2024
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How to train data-efficient llms
Noveen Sachdeva, Benjamin Coleman, Wang-Cheng Kang, Jianmo Ni, Lichan Hong, Ed H Chi, James Caverlee, Julian McAuley, and Derek Zhiyuan Cheng · 2024
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Deepseekmath: Pushing the limits of mathematical reasoning in open language models
Zhihong Shao, Peiyi Wang, Qihao Zhu, Runxin Xu, Junxiao Song, Xiao Bi, Haowei Zhang, Mingchuan Zhang, YK Li, Y Wu, et al · 2024
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Industrycorpus2, 2024
Xiaofeng Shi, Lulu Zhao, Hua Zhou, and Donglin Hao · 2024
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Dolma: An open corpus of three trillion tokens for language model pretraining research
Luca Soldaini, Rodney Kinney, Akshita Bhagia, Dustin Schwenk, David Atkinson, Russell Authur, Ben Bogin, Khyathi Chandu, Jennifer Dumas, Yanai Elazar, et al · 2024
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Alchemistcoder: Harmonizing and eliciting code capability by hindsight tuning on multi-source data
Zifan Song, Yudong Wang, Wenwei Zhang, Kuikun Liu, Chengqi Lyu, Demin Song, Qipeng Guo, Hang Yan, Dahua Lin, Kai Chen, et al · 2024
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Liangdong Wang, Bo-Wen Zhang, Chengwei Wu, Hanyu Zhao, Xiaofeng Shi, Shuhao Gu, Jijie Li, Quanyue Ma, TengFei Pan, and Guang Liu · 2024
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Qurating: Selecting high-quality data for training language models
Alexander Wettig, Aatmik Gupta, Saumya Malik, and Danqi Chen · 2024
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Chaojun Xiao, Jie Cai, Weilin Zhao, Guoyang Zeng, Xu Han, Zhiyuan Liu, and Maosong Sun · 2024
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Ultramedical: Building specialized generalists in biomedicine
Kaiyan Zhang, Sihang Zeng, Ermo Hua, Ning Ding, Zhang-Ren Chen, Zhiyuan Ma, Haoxin Li, Ganqu Cui, Biqing Qi, Xuekai Zhu, et al · 2024
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Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning
Daya Guo, Dejian Yang, Haowei Zhang, Junxiao Song, Ruoyu Zhang, Runxin Xu, Qihao Zhu, Shirong Ma, Peiyi Wang, Xiao Bi, et al · 2025
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Llm4sr: A survey on large language models for scientific research
Ziming Luo, Zonglin Yang, Zexin Xu, Wei Yang, and Xinya Du · 2025
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Exploring the limit of outcome reward for learning mathematical reasoning
Chengqi Lyu, Songyang Gao, Yuzhe Gu, Wenwei Zhang, Jianfei Gao, Kuikun Liu, Ziyi Wang, Shuaibin Li, Qian Zhao, Haian Huang, et al · 2025
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Redpajama: an open dataset for training large language models
Maurice Weber, Dan Fu, Quentin Anthony, Yonatan Oren, Shane Adams, Anton Alexandrov, Xiaozhong Lyu, Huu Nguyen, Xiaozhe Yao, Virginia Adams, et al · 2025
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Opencsg chinese corpus: A series of high-quality chinese datasets for llm training
Yijiong Yu, Ziyun Dai, Zekun Wang, Wei Wang, Ran Chen, and Ji Pei · 2025
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