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Reasoning capabilities of large language models are primarily studied for English, even when pretrained models are multilingual.
Foreign-language quotations and code-switching: The grammar behind
Philippe De Brabanter · 2004
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Choice of plausible alternatives: An evaluation of commonsense causal reasoning
Melissa Roemmele, Cosmin Adrian Bejan, and Andrew S Gordon · 2011
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Program induction by rationale generation: Learning to solve and explain algebraic word problems
Wang Ling, Dani Yogatama, Chris Dyer, and Phil Blunsom · 2017
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CommonsenseQA: A question answering challenge targeting commonsense knowledge
Alon Talmor, Jonathan Herzig, Nicholas Lourie, and Jonathan Berant · 2019
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The state and fate of linguistic diversity and inclusion in the NLP world
Pratik Joshi, Sebastin Santy, Amar Budhiraja, Kalika Bali, and Monojit Choudhury · 2020
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Training verifiers to solve math word problems
Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian, Mark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias Plappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro Nakano, et al · 2021
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Show your work: Scratchpads for intermediate computation with language models
Maxwell Nye, Anders Johan Andreassen, Guy Gur-Ari, Henryk Michalewski, Jacob Austin, David Bieber, David Dohan, Aitor Lewkowycz, Maarten Bosma, David Luan, et al · 2021
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Measuring massive multitask language understanding
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt · 2021
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Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models
Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, brian ichter, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V Le, and Denny Zhou · 2022
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ByT5: Towards a token-free future with pre-trained byte-to-byte models
Linting Xue, Aditya Barua, Noah Constant, Rami Al-Rfou, Sharan Narang, Mihir Kale, Adam Roberts, and Colin Raffel · 2022
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Language models are multilingual chain-of-thought reasoners
Freda Shi, Mirac Suzgun, Markus Freitag, Xuezhi Wang, Suraj Srivats, Soroush Vosoughi, Hyung Won Chung, Yi Tay, Sebastian Ruder, Denny Zhou, Dipanjan Das, and Jason Wei · 2023
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Cross-lingual prompting: Improving zero-shot chain-of-thought reasoning across languages
Libo Qin, Qiguang Chen, Fuxuan Wei, Shijue Huang, and Wanxiang Che · 2023
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Breaking language barriers in multilingual mathematical reasoning: Insights and observations
Nuo Chen, Zinan Zheng, Ning Wu, Ming Gong, Dongmei Zhang, and Jia Li · 2023
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FORK: A bite-sized test set for probing culinary cultural biases in commonsense reasoning models
Shramay Palta and Rachel Rudinger · 2023
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Mammoth: Building math generalist models through hybrid instruction tuning
Xiang Yue, Xingwei Qu, Ge Zhang, Yao Fu, Wenhao Huang, Huan Sun, Yu Su, and Wenhu Chen · 2023
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Beyond chinchilla-optimal: Accounting for inference in language model scaling laws
Nikhil Sardana, Jacob Portes, Sasha Doubov, and Jonathan Frankle · 2023
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Language model tokenizers introduce unfairness between languages
Aleksandar Petrov, Emanuele La Malfa, Philip Torr, and Adel Bibi · 2023
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Do all languages cost the same? tokenization in the era of commercial language models
Orevaoghene Ahia, Sachin Kumar, Hila Gonen, Jungo Kasai, David R Mortensen, Noah A. Smith, and Yulia Tsvetkov · 2023
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BLOOM+1: Adding language support to BLOOM for zero-shot prompting
Zheng Xin Yong, Hailey Schoelkopf, Niklas Muennighoff, Alham Fikri Aji, David Ifeoluwa Adelani, Khalid Almubarak, M Saiful Bari, Lintang Sutawika, Jungo Kasai, Ahmed Baruwa, Genta Winata, Stella Biderman, Edward Raff, Dragomir Radev, and Vassilina Nikoulina · 2023
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ChatGPT MT: Competitive for high- (but not low-) resource languages
Nathaniel Robinson, Perez Ogayo, David R. Mortensen, and Graham Neubig · 2023
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LLM-powered data augmentation for enhanced cross-lingual performance
Chenxi Whitehouse, Monojit Choudhury, and Alham Fikri Aji · 2023
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XLM-V: Overcoming the vocabulary bottleneck in multilingual masked language models
Davis Liang, Hila Gonen, Yuning Mao, Rui Hou, Naman Goyal, Marjan Ghazvininejad, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Madian Khabsa · 2023
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Scaling llm test-time compute optimally can be more effective than scaling model parameters
Charlie Snell, Jaehoon Lee, Kelvin Xu, and Aviral Kumar · 2024
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Large language monkeys: Scaling inference compute with repeated sampling
Bradley Brown, Jordan Juravsky, Ryan Ehrlich, Ronald Clark, Quoc V Le, Christopher Ré, and Azalia Mirhoseini · 2024
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Yangzhen Wu, Zhiqing Sun, Shanda Li, Sean Welleck, and Yiming Yang · 2024
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A simple model of inference scaling laws
Noam Levi · 2024
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Aaron Jaech, Adam Kalai, Adam Lerer, Adam Richardson, Ahmed El-Kishky, Aiden Low, Alec Helyar, Aleksander Madry, Alex Beutel, Alex Carney, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Training large language models to reason in a continuous latent space
Shibo Hao, Sainbayar Sukhbaatar, DiJia Su, Xian Li, Zhiting Hu, Jason Weston, and Yuandong Tian · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Critic: Large language models can self-correct with tool-interactive critiquing
Zhibin Gou, Zhihong Shao, Yeyun Gong, Yelong Shen, Yujiu Yang, Nan Duan, and Weizhu Chen · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
An Yang, Baosong Yang, Beichen Zhang, Binyuan Hui, Bo Zheng, Bowen Yu, Chengyuan Li, Dayiheng Liu, Fei Huang, Haoran Wei, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Chain of thought empowers transformers to solve inherently serial problems
Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning
Daya Guo, Dejian Yang, Haowei Zhang, Junxiao Song, Ruoyu Zhang, Runxin Xu, Qihao Zhu, Shirong Ma, Peiyi Wang, Xiao Bi, et al · 2025
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Openai o3 and o4-mini system card
OpenAI · 2025
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Towards reasoning era: A survey of long chain-of-thought for reasoning large language models
Qiguang Chen, Libo Qin, Jinhao Liu, Dengyun Peng, Jiannan Guan, Peng Wang, Mengkang Hu, Yuhang Zhou, Te Gao, and Wangxiang Che · 2025
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Niklas Muennighoff, Zitong Yang, Weijia Shi, Xiang Lisa Li, Li Fei-Fei, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Luke Zettlemoyer, Percy Liang, Emmanuel Candès, and Tatsunori Hashimoto · 2025
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Zhiyuan Li, Hong Liu, Denny Zhou, and Tengyu Ma · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Zhen Huang, Haoyang Zou, Xuefeng Li, Yixiu Liu, Yuxiang Zheng, Ethan Chern, Shijie Xia, Yiwei Qin, Weizhe Yuan, and Pengfei Liu · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Aaron Grattafiori, Abhimanyu Dubey, Abhinav Jauhri, Abhinav Pandey, Abhishek Kadian, Ahmad Al-Dahle, Aiesha Letman, Akhil Mathur, Alan Schelten, Alex Vaughan, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Think before you speak: Training language models with pause tokens
Sachin Goyal, Ziwei Ji, Ankit Singh Rawat, Aditya Krishna Menon, Sanjiv Kumar, and Vaishnavh Nagarajan · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Question translation training for better multilingual reasoning
Wenhao Zhu, Shujian Huang, Fei Yuan, Shuaijie She, Jiajun Chen, and Alexandra Birch · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
LangBridge: Multilingual reasoning without multilingual supervision
Dongkeun Yoon, Joel Jang, Sungdong Kim, Seungone Kim, Sheikh Shafayat, and Minjoon Seo · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Mindmerger: Efficiently boosting LLM reasoning in non-english languages
Zixian Huang, Wenhao Zhu, Gong Cheng, Lei Li, and Fei Yuan · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
MAPO: Advancing multilingual reasoning through multilingual-alignment-as-preference optimization
Shuaijie She, Wei Zou, Shujian Huang, Wenhao Zhu, Xiang Liu, Xiang Geng, and Jiajun Chen · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Yixin Ye, Zhen Huang, Yang Xiao, Ethan Chern, Shijie Xia, and Pengfei Liu · 2025
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The multilingual mind : A survey of multilingual reasoning in language models, 2025
Akash Ghosh, Debayan Datta, Sriparna Saha, and Chirag Agarwal · 2025
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Advancing language model reasoning through reinforcement learning and inference scaling
Zhenyu Hou, Xin Lv, Rui Lu, Jiajie Zhang, Yujiang Li, Zijun Yao, Juanzi Li, Jie Tang, and Yuxiao Dong · 2025
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Towards system 2 reasoning in llms: Learning how to think with meta chain-of-though
Violet Xiang, Charlie Snell, Kanishk Gandhi, Alon Albalak, Anikait Singh, Chase Blagden, Duy Phung, Rafael Rafailov, Nathan Lile, Dakota Mahan, et al · 2025
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Linguistic generalizability of test-time scaling in mathematical reasoning
Guijin Son, Jiwoo Hong, Hyunwoo Ko, and James Thorne · 2025
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Cognitive behaviors that enable self-improving reasoners, or, four habits of highly effective stars
Kanishk Gandhi, Ayush Chakravarthy, Anikait Singh, Nathan Lile, and Noah D Goodman · 2025
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Kuang-Huei Lee, Ian Fischer, Yueh-Hua Wu, Dave Marwood, Shumeet Baluja, Dale Schuurmans, and Xinyun Chen · 2025
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Bespoke-stratos: The unreasonable effectiveness of reasoning distillation
Bespoke Labs · 2025
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Millions scale dataset distilled from r1-32b
Sathwik Tejaswi Madhusudhan, Shruthan Radhakrishna, Jash Mehta, and Toby Liang · 2025
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Tina: Tiny reasoning models via lora
Shangshang Wang, Julian Asilis, Ömer Faruk Akgül, Enes Burak Bilgin, Ollie Liu, and Willie Neiswanger · 2025
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Understand, solve and translate: Bridging the multilingual mathematical reasoning gap
Hyunwoo Ko, Guijin Son, and Dasol Choi · 2025
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Language imbalance driven rewarding for multilingual self-improving
Wen Yang, Junhong Wu, Chen Wang, Chengqing Zong, and Jiajun Zhang · 2025
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SLAM: Towards efficient multilingual reasoning via selective language alignment
Yuchun Fan, Yongyu Mu, YiLin Wang, Lei Huang, Junhao Ruan, Bei Li, Tong Xiao, Shujian Huang, Xiaocheng Feng, and Jingbo Zhu · 2025
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Gemma Team, Aishwarya Kamath, Johan Ferret, Shreya Pathak, Nino Vieillard, Ramona Merhej, Sarah Perrin, Tatiana Matejovicova, Alexandre Ramé, Morgane Rivière, et al · 2025
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The danger of overthinking: Examining the reasoning-action dilemma in agentic tasks
Alejandro Cuadron, Dacheng Li, Wenjie Ma, Xingyao Wang, Yichuan Wang, Siyuan Zhuang, Shu Liu, Luis Gaspar Schroeder, Tian Xia, Huanzhi Mao, et al · 2025
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Stop overthinking: A survey on efficient reasoning for large language models
Yang Sui, Yu-Neng Chuang, Guanchu Wang, Jiamu Zhang, Tianyi Zhang, Jiayi Yuan, Hongyi Liu, Andrew Wen, Hanjie Chen, Xia Hu, et al · 2025
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Jonathan Rystrøm, Hannah Rose Kirk, and Scott Hale · 2025
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Is llm the silver bullet to low-resource languages machine translation?
Yewei Song, Lujun Li, Cedric Lothritz, Saad Ezzini, Lama Sleem, Niccolo Gentile, Radu State, Tegawendé F Bissyandé, and Jacques Klein · 2025
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Adapters for altering LLM vocabularies: What languages benefit the most?
HyoJung Han, Akiko Eriguchi, Haoran Xu, Hieu Hoang, Marine Carpuat, and Huda Khayrallah · 2025
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Small models struggle to learn from strong reasoners
Yuetai Li, Xiang Yue, Zhangchen Xu, Fengqing Jiang, Luyao Niu, Bill Yuchen Lin, Bhaskar Ramasubramanian, and Radha Poovendran · 2025
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Qwen3: Think deeper, act faster, 4 2025
Qwen Team · 2036
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