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Large language model powered autonomous agents demand robust, standardized protocols to integrate tools, share contextual data, and coordinate tasks across heterogeneous systems.
The kqml protocol: A specification of language and communication
Michael R. Genesereth and Scott P. Ketchpel · 1993
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Kqml as an agent communication language
Tim Finin, Rich Fritzson, Donald McKay, and Robin McEntire · 1994
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Is it an agent, or just a program? a taxonomy for autonomous agents
Stan Franklin and Art Graesser · 1997
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Masif: The omg mobile agent system interoperability facility
Dejan S. Milojicic, Markus Breugst, Ingo Busse, John Campbell, Stefan Covaci, Barry Friedman, Kazuya Kosaka, Danny B. Lange, Kouichi Ono, Mitsuru Oshima, Cynthia Tham, Sankar Virdhagriswaran, and Jim White · 1998
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On agent-based software engineering
Nicholas R. Jennings · 2000
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Fipa communicative act library specification
Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents · 2000
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Web services: Why and how
Francisco Curbera, Marc Duftler, Rania Khalaf, William Nagy, Nirmal Mukhi, and Sanjiva Weerawarana · 2002
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Enterprise Integration Patterns: Designing, Building, and Deploying Messaging Solutions
Gregor Hohpe and Bobby Woolf · 2006
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An Introduction to MultiAgent Systems
Michael Wooldridge · 2009
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Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig · 2010
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Language models are few-shot learners
Tom B Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, et al · 2020
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Retrieval-augmented generation for knowledge-intensive nlp tasks
Patrick Lewis, Ethan Perez, Aleksandra Piktus, Fabio Petroni, Vladimir Karpukhin, Naman Goyal, Mike Lewis, William Yih, Tim Rocktäschel, and Sebastian Riedel · 2020
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On the opportunities and risks of foundation models
Rishi Bommasani, Drew A Hudson, Ehsan Adeli, Russ Altman, Simran Arora, Sydney von Arx, et al · 2021
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Towards an efficient pipeline for knowledge-intensive nlp tasks
Gautier Izacard and Edouard Grave · 2021
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Augmented language models: A survey
Grégoire Mialon, Roberto Dessì, Maria Lomeli, Christoforos Nalmpantis, Ram Pasunuru, Roberta Raileanu, Baptiste Rozière, Timo Schick, Jane Dwivedi-Yu, Asli Celikyilmaz, Edouard Grave, Yann LeCun, and Thomas Scialom · 2023
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Openai plugin store
OpenAI · 2023
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Toolformer: Language models can teach themselves to use tools
Timo Schick and Hinrich Schütze · 2023
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React: Synergizing reasoning and acting in language models
Sheng Yao, Eric Urbach, and Dale Schuurmans · 2023
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Reflexion: Language model self-improvement through iterative learning from failures
Thomas Shinn and Regina Barzilay · 2023
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A survey on large language model based autonomous agents
Lei Wang, Chen Ma, Xueyang Feng, Zeyu Zhang, Hao Yang, Jingsen Zhang, Zhiyuan Chen, Jiakai Tang, Xu Chen, Yankai Lin, Wayne Xin Zhao, Zhewei Wei, and Jirong Wen · 2024
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Large language model based multi-agents: A survey of progress and challenges
Taicheng Guo, Xiuying Chen, Yaqi Wang, Ruidi Chang, Shichao Pei, Nitesh V. Chawla, Olaf Wiest, and Xiangliang Zhang · 2024
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Multi-agent collaboration mechanisms: A survey of llms
Khanh-Tung Tran, Dung Dao, Minh-Duong Nguyen, Quoc-Viet Pham, Barry O’Sullivan, and Hoang D. Nguyen · 2025
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Beyond self-talk: A communication-centric survey of llm-based multi-agent systems
Bingyu Yan, Xiaoming Zhang, Litian Zhang, Lian Zhang, Ziyi Zhou, Dezhuang Miao, and Chaozhuo Li · 2025
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Function calling in openai models
OpenAI · 2025
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Langchain: Build applications with llms through composability
Harrison Chase · 2025
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Llamaindex: Connecting llms to your knowledge
Jerry Wu et al · 2025
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Autogpt: An experimental open-source autonomous agent using gpt-4
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Dynamic llm agent metadata manifest-based discovery of agents in an llm agentic application platform
Akram Sheriff · 2024
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Toolfuzz: Automated agent tool testing
Ivan Milev, Mislav Balunovic, Maximilian Baader, and Martin Vechev · 2024
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Autotool: Building general-purpose llm agents with self-extendable toolsets
Fangzhou Liu, Xinyu Li, Zihan Wu, Yang Song, Wayne Xin Zhao, and Ji-Rong Wen · 2024
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Large language model based multi-agents: A survey of progress and challenges
Taicheng Guo, Xiuying Chen, Yaqi Wang, Ruidi Chang, Shichao Pei, Nitesh V. Chawla, Olaf Wiest, and Xiangliang Zhang · 2025
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Introduction to model context protocol (mcp)
Model Context Protocol · 2025
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A survey of the model context protocol (mcp): Standardizing context to enhance large language models (llms)
Aditi Singh, Abul Ehtesham, Saket Kumar, and Tala Talaei Khoei · 2025
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A survey on model context protocol: Architecture, state-of-the-art, challenges and future directions
Partha Pratim Ray · 2025
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AutoGen Community · 2025
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CrewAI: High-level crew abstractions for collaborative llm agents
CrewAI Project · 2025
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Smolagents: A single-file python library for multi-modal llm agent prototyping
SmolAgents Project · 2025
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Ag2 (autogen): An open-source agentos with human-in-the-loop workflows
AutoGen Community · 2025
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Semantic kernel: Sdk for llm orchestration and memory
Microsoft · 2025
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Swarm: Stateless multi-agent coordination via json-rpc routines
OpenAI · 2025
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Red-teaming llm multi-agent systems via communication attacks
Pengfei He, Yupin Lin, Shen Dong, Han Xu, Yue Xing, and Hui Liu · 2025
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Firewalls to secure dynamic llm agentic networks
Sahar Abdelnabi, Amr Gomaa, Eugene Bagdasarian, Per Ola Kristensson, and Reza Shokri · 2025
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A2a protocol: An in-depth guide. the need for agent interoperability
Carol Doe · 2025
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Announcing the agent2agent protocol (a2a)
Google Developers Blog · 2025
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Ai agents under threat: A survey of key security challenges and mitigations
Fiona Zhang and George Kumar · 2025
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