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Large Language Models (LLMs) are susceptible to adversarial attacks such as jailbreaking, which can elicit harmful or unsafe behaviors.
Language models are few-shot learners
Tom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared D Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, and 1 others. 2020 · 1901
Earlier work this paper cites.
On the cross-lingual transferability of monolingual representations
Mikel Artetxe, Sebastian Ruder, and Dani Yogatama. 2019 · 1910
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Reverse curriculum generation for reinforcement learning
Carlos Florensa, David Held, Markus Wulfmeier, Michael Zhang, and Pieter Abbeel. 2017 · 2017
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Automated curriculum learning for neural networks
Alex Graves, Marc G. Bellemare, Jacob Menick, Rémi Munos, and Koray Kavukcuoglu. 2017 · 2017
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Self-paced prioritized curriculum learning with coverage penalty in deep reinforcement learning
Zhipeng Ren, Daoyi Dong, Huaxiong Li, and Chunlin Chen. 2018 · 2018
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On the power of curriculum learning in training deep networks
Guy Hacohen and Daphna Weinshall. 2019 · 2019
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Teacher–student curriculum learning
Tambet Matiisen, Avital Oliver, Taco Cohen, and John Schulman. 2020 · 2020
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Curriculum learning for reinforcement learning domains: A framework and survey
Sanmit Narvekar, Bei Peng, Matteo Leonetti, Jivko Sinapov, Matthew E. Taylor, and Peter Stone. 2020 · 2020
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Trl: Transformer reinforcement learning
Leandro von Werra, Younes Belkada, Lewis Tunstall, Edward Beeching, Tristan Thrush, Nathan Lambert, Shengyi Huang, Kashif Rasul, and Quentin Gallouédec. 2020 · 2020
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Transformers: State-of-the-art natural language processing
Thomas Wolf, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien Chaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi, Pierric Cistac, Tim Rault, Rémi Louf, Morgan Funtowicz, Joe Davison, Sam Shleifer, Patrick von Platen, Clara Ma, Yacine Jernite, Julien Plu, Canwen Xu, Teven Le Scao, Sylvain Gugger, and 3 others. 2020 · 2020
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Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback
Long Ouyang, Jeffrey Wu, Xu Jiang, Diogo Almeida, Carroll Wainwright, Pamela Mishkin, Chong Zhang, Sandhini Agarwal, Katarina Slama, Alex Ray, and 1 others. 2022 · 2022
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Petru Soviany, Radu Tudor Ionescu, Paolo Rota, and Nicu Sebe. 2022 · 2022
Earlier work this paper cites.
Jailbreaking black box large language models in twenty queries
Patrick Chao, Alexander Robey, Edgar Dobriban, Hamed Hassani, George J Pappas, and Eric Wong. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Fireact: Toward language agent fine-tuning
Baian Chen, Chang Shu, Ehsan Shareghi, Nigel Collier, Karthik Narasimhan, and Shunyu Yao. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Multilingual jailbreak challenges in large language models
Yue Deng, Wenxuan Zhang, Sinno Jialin Pan, and Lidong Bing. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Qlora: Efficient finetuning of quantized llms
Tim Dettmers, Artidoro Pagnoni, Ari Holtzman, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Llama guard: Llm-based input-output safeguard for human-ai conversations
Hakan Inan, Kartikeya Upasani, Jianfeng Chi, Rashi Rungta, Krithika Iyer, Yuning Mao, Michael Tontchev, Qing Hu, Brian Fuller, Davide Testuggine, and 1 others. 2023 · 2023
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Albert Q Jiang, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Arthur Mensch, Chris Bamford, Devendra Singh Chaplot, Diego de las Casas, Florian Bressand, Gianna Lengyel, Guillaume Lample, Lucile Saulnier, and 1 others. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Efficient memory management for large language model serving with pagedattention
Woosuk Kwon, Zhuohan Li, Siyuan Zhuang, Ying Sheng, Lianmin Zheng, Cody Hao Yu, Joseph E. Gonzalez, Hao Zhang, and Ion Stoica. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Direct preference optimization: Your language model is secretly a reward model
Rafael Rafailov, Archit Sharma, Eric Mitchell, Christopher D Manning, Stefano Ermon, and Chelsea Finn. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
NeMo guardrails: A toolkit for controllable and safe LLM applications with programmable rails
Traian Rebedea, Razvan Dinu, Makesh Narsimhan Sreedhar, Christopher Parisien, and Jonathan Cohen. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Vineppo: Unlocking rl potential for llm reasoning through refined credit assignment
Amirhossein Kazemnejad, Milad Aghajohari, Eva Portelance, Alessandro Sordoni, Siva Reddy, Aaron Courville, and Nicolas Le Roux. 2024 · 2024
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Salad-bench: A hierarchical and comprehensive safety benchmark for large language models
Lijun Li, Bowen Dong, Ruohui Wang, Xuhao Hu, Wangmeng Zuo, Dahua Lin, Yu Qiao, and Jing Shao. 2024 · 2024
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Multilingual large language model: A survey of resources, taxonomy and frontiers
Libo Qin, Qiguang Chen, Yuhang Zhou, Zhi Chen, Yinghui Li, Lizi Liao, Min Li, Wanxiang Che, and Philip S Yu. 2024 · 2024
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Mapo: Advancing multilingual reasoning through multilingual alignment-as-preference optimization
Shuaijie She, Wei Zou, Shujian Huang, Wenhao Zhu, Xiang Liu, Xiang Geng, and Jiajun Chen. 2024 · 2024
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Hugo Touvron, Thibaut Lavril, Gautier Izacard, Xavier Martinet, Marie-Anne Lachaux, Timothée Lacroix, Baptiste Rozière, Naman Goyal, Eric Hambro, Faisal Azhar, and 1 others. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
All languages matter: On the multilingual safety of large language models
Wenxuan Wang, Zhaopeng Tu, Chang Chen, Youliang Yuan, Jen-tse Huang, Wenxiang Jiao, and Michael R Lyu. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models
Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Brian Ichter, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc Le, and Denny Zhou. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Tree of thoughts: Deliberate problem solving with large language models
Shunyu Yao, Dian Yu, Jeffrey Zhao, Izhak Shafran, Thomas L. Griffiths, Yuan Cao, and Karthik Narasimhan. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Multilingual content moderation: A case study on reddit
Meng Ye, Karan Sikka, Katherine Atwell, Sabit Hassan, Ajay Divakaran, and Malihe Alikhani. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
The multilingual alignment prism: Aligning global and local preferences to reduce harm
Aakanksha, Arash Ahmadian, Beyza Ermis, Seraphina Goldfarb-Tarrant, Julia Kreutzer, Marzieh Fadaee, and Sara Hooker. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
et al. Aaron Grattafiori. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Jailbreaking leading safety-aligned llms with simple adaptive attacks
Maksym Andriushchenko, Francesco Croce, and Nicolas Flammarion. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Sandwich attack: Multi-language mixture adaptive attack on llms
Bibek Upadhayay and Vahid Behzadan. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Watch every step! llm agent learning via iterative step-level process refinement
Weimin Xiong, Yifan Song, Xiutian Zhao, Wenhao Wu, Xun Wang, Ke Wang, Cheng Li, Wei Peng, and Sujian Li. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Benchmarking llm guardrails in handling multilingual toxicity
Yahan Yang, Soham Dan, Dan Roth, and Insup Lee. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Csrt: Evaluation and analysis of llms using code-switching red-teaming dataset
Haneul Yoo, Yongjin Yang, and Hwaran Lee. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Rigorllm: Resilient guardrails for large language models against undesired content
Zhuowen Yuan, Zidi Xiong, Yi Zeng, Ning Yu, Ruoxi Jia, Dawn Song, and Bo Li. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Curriculum direct preference optimization for diffusion and consistency models
Florinel-Alin Croitoru, Vlad Hondru, Radu Tudor Ionescu, Nicu Sebe, and Mubarak Shah. 2025 · 2025
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Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning
et al. DeepSeek-AI. 2025 · 2025
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Duoguard: A two-player rl-driven framework for multilingual llm guardrails
Yihe Deng, Yu Yang, Junkai Zhang, Wei Wang, and Bo Li. 2025 · 2025
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Aegis2. 0: A diverse ai safety dataset and risks taxonomy for alignment of llm guardrails
Shaona Ghosh, Prasoon Varshney, Makesh Narsimhan Sreedhar, Aishwarya Padmakumar, Traian Rebedea, Jibin Rajan Varghese, and Christopher Parisien. 2025 · 2025
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Guardreasoner: Towards reasoning-based llm safeguards
Yue Liu, Hongcheng Gao, Shengfang Zhai, Xia Jun, Tianyi Wu, Zhiwei Xue, Yulin Chen, Kenji Kawaguchi, Jiaheng Zhang, and Bryan Hooi. 2025 · 2025
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Niklas Muennighoff, Zitong Yang, Weijia Shi, Xiang Lisa Li, Li Fei-Fei, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Luke Zettlemoyer, Percy Liang, Emmanuel Candès, and Tatsunori Hashimoto. 2025 · 2025
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Qwen, :, An Yang, Baosong Yang, Beichen Zhang, Binyuan Hui, Bo Zheng, Bowen Yu, Chengyuan Li, Dayiheng Liu, Fei Huang, Haoran Wei, Huan Lin, Jian Yang, Jianhong Tu, Jianwei Zhang, Jianxin Yang, Jiaxi Yang, Jingren Zhou, and 25 others. 2025 · 2025
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