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AI assistants can impart value judgments that shape people's decisions and worldviews, yet little is known empirically about what values these systems rely on in practice.
A note on the pure theory of consumer’s behaviour: an addendum
Paul A Samuelson · 1938
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The nature of human values
Milton Rokeach · 1973
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Value in ethics and economics
Elizabeth Anderson · 1995
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An overview of the schwartz theory of basic values
Shalom H. Schwartz · 2012
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Basic individual values: Sources and consequences
Shalom H Schwartz · 2016
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Artificial intelligence, values, and alignment
Iason Gabriel · 2020
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Mpnet: masked and permuted pre-training for language understanding
Kaitao Song, Xu Tan, Tao Qin, Jianfeng Lu, and Tie-Yan Liu · 2020
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A general language assistant as a laboratory for alignment, 2021
Amanda Askell, Yuntao Bai, Anna Chen, Dawn Drain, Deep Ganguli, Tom Henighan, Andy Jones, Nicholas Joseph, Ben Mann, Nova DasSarma, Nelson Elhage, Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Danny Hernandez, Jackson Kernion, Kamal Ndousse, Catherine Olsson, Dario Amodei, Tom Brown, Jack Clark, Sam McCandlish, Chris Olah, and Jared Kaplan · 2021
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Constitutional ai: Harmlessness from ai feedback, 2022
Yuntao Bai, Saurav Kadavath, Sandipan Kundu, Amanda Askell, Jackson Kernion, Andy Jones, Anna Chen, Anna Goldie, Azalia Mirhoseini, Cameron McKinnon, Carol Chen, Catherine Olsson, Christopher Olah, Danny Hernandez, Dawn Drain, Deep Ganguli, Dustin Li, Eli Tran-Johnson, Ethan Perez, Jamie Kerr, Jared Mueller, Jeffrey Ladish, Joshua Landau, Kamal Ndousse, Kamile Lukosuite, Liane Lovitt, Michael Sellitto, Nelson Elhage, Nicholas Schiefer, Noemi Mercado, Nova DasSarma, Robert Lasenby, Robin Larson, Sam Ringer, Scott Johnston, Shauna Kravec, Sheer El Showk, Stanislav Fort, Tamera Lanham, Timothy Telleen-Lawton, Tom Conerly, Tom Henighan, Tristan Hume, Samuel R. Bowman, Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Ben Mann, Dario Amodei, Nicholas Joseph, Sam McCandlish, Tom Brown, and Jared Kaplan · 2022
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Can machines learn morality? the delphi experiment, 2022
Liwei Jiang, Jena D. Hwang, Chandra Bhagavatula, Ronan Le Bras, Jenny Liang, Jesse Dodge, Keisuke Sakaguchi, Maxwell Forbes, Jon Borchardt, Saadia Gabriel, Yulia Tsvetkov, Oren Etzioni, Maarten Sap, Regina Rini, and Yejin Choi · 2022
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Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback
Long Ouyang, Jeffrey Wu, Xu Jiang, Diogo Almeida, Carroll Wainwright, Pamela Mishkin, Chong Zhang, Sandhini Agarwal, Katarina Slama, Alex Ray, et al · 2022
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BBQ: A hand-built bias benchmark for question answering
Alicia Parrish, Angelica Chen, Nikita Nangia, Vishakh Padmakumar, Jason Phang, Jana Thompson, Phu Mon Htut, and Samuel Bowman · 2022
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Claude’s constitution, 2023
Anthropic · 2023
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Dices dataset: Diversity in conversational ai evaluation for safety
Lora Aroyo, Alex Taylor, Mark Díaz, Christopher Homan, Alicia Parrish, Gregory Serapio-García, Vinodkumar Prabhakaran, and Ding Wang · 2023
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Do personality tests generalize to large language models?
Florian Dorner, Tom Sühr, Samira Samadi, and Augustin Kelava · 2023
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Evaluating and inducing personality in pre-trained language models
Guangyuan Jiang, Manjie Xu, Song-Chun Zhu, Wenjuan Han, Chi Zhang, and Yixin Zhu · 2023
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Large language models as superpositions of cultural perspectives
Grgur Kovač, Masataka Sawayama, Rémy Portelas, Cédric Colas, Peter Ford Dominey, and Pierre-Yves Oudeyer · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Keyu Pan and Yawen Zeng · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Discovering language model behaviors with model-written evaluations
Ethan Perez, Sam Ringer, Kamile Lukosiute, Karina Nguyen, Edwin Chen, Scott Heiner, Craig Pettit, Catherine Olsson, Sandipan Kundu, Saurav Kadavath, Andy Jones, Anna Chen, Benjamin Mann, Brian Israel, Bryan Seethor, Cameron McKinnon, Christopher Olah, Da Yan, Daniela Amodei, Dario Amodei, Dawn Drain, Dustin Li, Eli Tran-Johnson, Guro Khundadze, Jackson Kernion, James Landis, Jamie Kerr, Jared Mueller, Jeeyoon Hyun, Joshua Landau, Kamal Ndousse, Landon Goldberg, Liane Lovitt, Martin Lucas, Michael Sellitto, Miranda Zhang, Neerav Kingsland, Nelson Elhage, Nicholas Joseph, Noemi Mercado, Nova DasSarma, Oliver Rausch, Robin Larson, Sam McCandlish, Scott Johnston, Shauna Kravec, Sheer El Showk, Tamera Lanham, Timothy Telleen-Lawton, Tom Brown, Tom Henighan, Tristan Hume, Yuntao Bai, Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Jack Clark, Samuel R. Bowman, Amanda Askell, Roger Grosse, Danny Hernandez, Deep Ganguli, Evan Hubinger, Nicholas Schiefer, and Jared Kaplan · 2023
Concept induction: Analyzing unstructured text with high-level concepts using lloom
Michelle S. Lam, Janice Teoh, James A. Landay, Jeffrey Heer, and Michael S. Bernstein · 2024
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Beyond probabilities: Unveiling the misalignment in evaluating large language models
Chenyang Lyu, Minghao Wu, and Alham Aji · 2024
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Are large language models consistent over value-laden questions?
Jared Moore, Tanvi Deshpande, and Diyi Yang · 2024
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Ai psychometrics: Assessing the psychological profiles of large language models through psychometric inventories
Max Pellert, Clemens M. Lechner, Claudia Wagner, Beatrice Rammstedt, and Markus Strohmaier · 2024
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Political compass or spinning arrow? towards more meaningful evaluations for values and opinions in large language models
Paul Röttger, Valentin Hofmann, Valentina Pyatkin, Musashi Hinck, Hannah Kirk, Hinrich Schuetze, and Dirk Hovy · 2024
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Cited alongside, same era.
Whose opinions do language models reflect?
Shibani Santurkar, Esin Durmus, Faisal Ladhak, Cinoo Lee, Percy Liang, and Tatsunori Hashimoto · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Towards understanding sycophancy in language models, 2023
Mrinank Sharma, Meg Tong, Tomasz Korbak, David Duvenaud, Amanda Askell, Samuel R. Bowman, Newton Cheng, Esin Durmus, Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Scott R. Johnston, Shauna Kravec, Timothy Maxwell, Sam McCandlish, Kamal Ndousse, Oliver Rausch, Nicholas Schiefer, Da Yan, Miranda Zhang, and Ethan Perez · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Using the veil of ignorance to align ai systems with principles of justice
Laura Weidinger, Kevin R McKee, Richard Everett, Saffron Huang, Tina O Zhu, Martin J Chadwick, Christopher Summerfield, and Iason Gabriel · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Questioning the survey responses of large language models
Ricardo Dominguez-Olmedo, Moritz Hardt, and Celestine Mendler-Dünner · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Towards measuring the representation of subjective global opinions in language models
Esin Durmus, Karina Nguyen, Thomas Liao, Nicholas Schiefer, Amanda Askell, Anton Bakhtin, Carol Chen, Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Danny Hernandez, Nicholas Joseph, Liane Lovitt, Sam McCandlish, Orowa Sikder, Alex Tamkin, Janel Thamkul, Jared Kaplan, Jack Clark, and Deep Ganguli · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Assessing the alignment of large language models with human values for mental health integration: Cross-sectional study using schwartz’s theory of basic values
Dorit Hadar-Shoval, Kfir Asraf, Yonathan Mizrachi, Yuval Haber, and Zohar Elyoseph · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Collective constitutional ai: Aligning a language model with public input
Saffron Huang, Divya Siddarth, Liane Lovitt, Thomas I. Liao, Esin Durmus, Alex Tamkin, and Deep Ganguli · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Value kaleidoscope: engaging ai with pluralistic human values, rights, and duties
Taylor Sorensen, Liwei Jiang, Jena D. Hwang, Sydney Levine, Valentina Pyatkin, Peter West, Nouha Dziri, Ximing Lu, Kavel Rao, Chandra Bhagavatula, Maarten Sap, John Tasioulas, and Yejin Choi · 2024
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Clio: Privacy-preserving insights into real-world ai use, 2024
Alex Tamkin, Miles McCain, Kunal Handa, Esin Durmus, Liane Lovitt, Ankur Rathi, Saffron Huang, Alfred Mountfield, Jerry Hong, Stuart Ritchie, Michael Stern, Brian Clarke, Landon Goldberg, Theodore R. Sumers, Jared Mueller, William McEachen, Wes Mitchell, Shan Carter, Jack Clark, Jared Kaplan, and Deep Ganguli · 2024
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Do LLMs exhibit human-like response biases? a case study in survey design
Lindia Tjuatja, Valerie Chen, Tongshuang Wu, Ameet Talwalkwar, and Graham Neubig · 2024
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On the humanity of conversational AI: Evaluating the psychological portrayal of LLMs
Jen tse Huang, Wenxuan Wang, Eric John Li, Man Ho LAM, Shujie Ren, Youliang Yuan, Wenxiang Jiao, Zhaopeng Tu, and Michael Lyu · 2024
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Wildchat: 1m chatGPT interaction logs in the wild
Wenting Zhao, Xiang Ren, Jack Hessel, Claire Cardie, Yejin Choi, and Yuntian Deng · 2024
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LMSYS-chat-1m: A large-scale real-world LLM conversation dataset
Lianmin Zheng, Wei-Lin Chiang, Ying Sheng, Tianle Li, Siyuan Zhuang, Zhanghao Wu, Yonghao Zhuang, Zhuohan Li, Zi Lin, Eric Xing, Joseph E. Gonzalez, Ion Stoica, and Hao Zhang · 2024
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Explicitly unbiased large language models still form biased associations
Xuechunzi Bai, Angelina Wang, Ilia Sucholutsky, and Thomas L Griffiths · 2025
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Cultural alignment in large language models: An explanatory analysis based on hofstede‘s cultural dimensions
Reem Masoud, Ziquan Liu, Martin Ferianc, Philip C. Treleaven, and Miguel Rodrigues Rodrigues · 2025
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Personality traits in large language models, 2025
Greg Serapio-García, Mustafa Safdari, Clément Crepy, Luning Sun, Stephen Fitz, Peter Romero, Marwa Abdulhai, Aleksandra Faust, and Maja Matarić · 2025
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