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LLM inference must meet strict latency SLOs (e.g., 100 ms P99 time-between-tokens) while maximizing goodput.
Attention is all you need
Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N Gomez, Łukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin · 2017
Earlier work this paper cites.
A discourse-aware attention model for abstractive summarization of long documents
Arman Cohan, Franck Dernoncourt, Doo Soon Kim, Thien Huu Bui, Seokhwan Kim, Walter Chang, and Nazli Goharian · 2018
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Evaluating large language models trained on code, 2021
Mark Chen, Jerry Tworek, Heewoo Jun, Qiming Yuan, Henrique Ponde de Oliveira Pinto, Jared Kaplan, Harri Edwards, Yuri Burda, Nicholas Joseph, Greg Brockman, Alex Ray, Raul Puri, Gretchen Krueger, Michael Petrov, Heidy Khlaaf, Girish Sastry, Pamela Mishkin, Brooke Chan, Scott Gray, Nick Ryder, Mikhail Pavlov, Alethea Power, Lukasz Kaiser, Mohammad Bavarian, Clemens Winter, Philippe Tillet, Felipe Petroski Such, Dave Cummings, Matthias Plappert, Fotios Chantzis, Elizabeth Barnes, Ariel Herbert-Voss, William Hebgen Guss, Alex Nichol, Alex Paino, Nikolas Tezak, Jie Tang, Igor Babuschkin, Suchir Balaji, Shantanu Jain, William Saunders, Christopher Hesse, Andrew N. Carr, Jan Leike, Josh Achiam, Vedant Misra, Evan Morikawa, Alec Radford, Matthew Knight, Miles Brundage, Mira Murati, Katie Mayer, Peter Welinder, Bob McGrew, Dario Amodei, Sam McCandlish, Ilya Sutskever, and Wojciech Zaremba · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
Lamda: Language models for dialog applications, 2022
Romal Thoppilan, Daniel De Freitas, Jamie Hall, Noam Shazeer, Apoorv Kulshreshtha, Heng-Tze Cheng, Alicia Jin, Taylor Bos, Leslie Baker, Yu Du, YaGuang Li, Hongrae Lee, Huaixiu Steven Zheng, Amin Ghafouri, Marcelo Menegali, Yanping Huang, Maxim Krikun, Dmitry Lepikhin, James Qin, Dehao Chen, Yuanzhong Xu, Zhifeng Chen, Adam Roberts, Maarten Bosma, Vincent Zhao, Yanqi Zhou, Chung-Ching Chang, Igor Krivokon, Will Rusch, Marc Pickett, Pranesh Srinivasan, Laichee Man, Kathleen Meier-Hellstern, Meredith Ringel Morris, Tulsee Doshi, Renelito Delos Santos, Toju Duke, Johnny Soraker, Ben Zevenbergen, Vinodkumar Prabhakaran, Mark Diaz, Ben Hutchinson, Kristen Olson, Alejandra Molina, Erin Hoffman-John, Josh Lee, Lora Aroyo, Ravi Rajakumar, Alena Butryna, Matthew Lamm, Viktoriya Kuzmina, Joe Fenton, Aaron Cohen, Rachel Bernstein, Ray Kurzweil, Blaise Aguera-Arcas, Claire Cui, Marian Croak, Ed Chi, and Quoc Le · 2022
Earlier work this paper cites.
Orca: A distributed serving system for { \{ Transformer-Based } \} generative models
Gyeong-In Yu, Joo Seong Jeong, Geon-Woo Kim, Soojeong Kim, and Byung-Gon Chun · 2022
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Sarathi: Efficient llm inference by piggybacking decodes with chunked prefills
Amey Agrawal, Ashish Panwar, Jayashree Mohan, Nipun Kwatra, Bhargav S Gulavani, and Ramachandran Ramjee · 2023
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s 3 s^{3} : Increasing gpu utilization during generative inference for higher throughput
Yunho Jin, Chun-Feng Wu, David Brooks, and Gu-Yeon Wei · 2023
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Efficient memory management for large language model serving with pagedattention
Woosuk Kwon, Zhuohan Li, Siyuan Zhuang, Ying Sheng, Lianmin Zheng, Cody Hao Yu, Joseph Gonzalez, Hao Zhang, and Ion Stoica · 2023
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Taming throughput-latency tradeoff in llm inference with sarathi-serve
Amey Agrawal, Nitin Kedia, Ashish Panwar, Jayashree Mohan, Nipun Kwatra, Bhargav Gulavani, Alexey Tumanov, and Ramachandran Ramjee · 2024
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Scientific computing with large language models, 2024
Christopher Culver, Peter Hicks, Mihailo Milenkovic, Sanjif Shanmugavelu, and Tobias Becker · 2024
Earlier work this paper cites.
Apparate: Rethinking early exits to tame latency-throughput tensions in ml serving
Yinwei Dai, Rui Pan, Anand Iyer, Kai Li, and Ravi Netravali · 2024
Earlier work this paper cites.
Automatic prompt selection for large language models, 2024
Viet-Tung Do, Van-Khanh Hoang, Duy-Hung Nguyen, Shahab Sabahi, Jeff Yang, Hajime Hotta, Minh-Tien Nguyen, and Hung Le · 2024
Earlier work this paper cites.
Pod-attention: Unlocking full prefill-decode overlap for faster llm inference
Aditya K Kamath, Ramya Prabhu, Jayashree Mohan, Simon Peter, Ramachandran Ramjee, and Ashish Panwar · 2024
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Infinite-llm: Efficient llm service for long context with distattention and distributed kvcache, 2024
Bin Lin, Chen Zhang, Tao Peng, Hanyu Zhao, Wencong Xiao, Minmin Sun, Anmin Liu, Zhipeng Zhang, Lanbo Li, Xiafei Qiu, Shen Li, Zhigang Ji, Tao Xie, Yong Li, and Wei Lin · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Splitwise: Efficient generative llm inference using phase splitting
Pratyush Patel, Esha Choukse, Chaojie Zhang, Aashaka Shah, Íñigo Goiri, Saeed Maleki, and Ricardo Bianchini · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Mooncake: A kvcache-centric disaggregated architecture for llm serving
Ruoyu Qin, Zheming Li, Weiran He, Mingxing Zhang, Yongwei Wu, Weimin Zheng, and Xinran Xu · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Efficient interactive llm serving with proxy model-based sequence length prediction, 2024
Haoran Qiu, Weichao Mao, Archit Patke, Shengkun Cui, Saurabh Jha, Chen Wang, Hubertus Franke, Zbigniew T. Kalbarczyk, Tamer Başar, and Ravishankar K. Iyer · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Llumnix: Dynamic scheduling for large language model serving
Biao Sun, Ziming Huang, Hanyu Zhao, Wencong Xiao, Xinyi Zhang, Yong Li, and Wei Lin · 2024
Qwen/qwen2.5-32b-instruct
Alibaba Cloud · 2025
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Qwen/qwen2.5-72b
Alibaba Cloud · 2025
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Niyama : Breaking the silos of llm inference serving, 2025
Kanishk Goel, Jayashree Mohan, Nipun Kwatra, Ravi Shreyas Anupindi, and Ramachandran Ramjee · 2025
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semi-pd: Towards efficient llm serving via phase-wise disaggregated computation and unified storage, 2025
Ke Hong, Lufang Chen, Zhong Wang, Xiuhong Li, Qiuli Mao, Jianping Ma, Chao Xiong, Guanyu Wu, Buhe Han, Guohao Dai, Yun Liang, and Yu Wang · 2025
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mini_reasoning_1k: A small-scale dataset for evaluating llm reasoning ability
KingNish · 2025
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Injecting adrenaline into llm serving: Boosting resource utilization and throughput via attention disaggregation, 2025
Yunkai Liang, Zhangyu Chen, Pengfei Zuo, Zhi Zhou, Xu Chen, and Zhou Yu · 2025
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Cited alongside, same era.
Burstgpt: A real-world workload dataset to optimize llm serving systems, 2024
Yuxin Wang, Yuhan Chen, Zeyu Li, Xueze Kang, Zhenheng Tang, Xin He, Rui Guo, Xin Wang, Qiang Wang, Amelie Chi Zhou, and Xiaowen Chu · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Burstgpt: A real-world workload dataset to optimize llm serving systems, 2024
Yuxin Wang, Yuhan Chen, Zeyu Li, Xueze Kang, Zhenheng Tang, Xin He, Rui Guo, Xin Wang, Qiang Wang, Amelie Chi Zhou, and Xiaowen Chu · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Loongserve: Efficiently serving long-context large language models with elastic sequence parallelism
Bingyang Wu, Shengyu Liu, Yinmin Zhong, Peng Sun, Xuanzhe Liu, and Xin Jin · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Exploring the potential of large language models for automation in technical customer service, 2024
Jochen Wulf and Juerg Meierhofer · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
{ \{ DistServe } \} : Disaggregating prefill and decoding for goodput-optimized large language model serving
Yinmin Zhong, Shengyu Liu, Junda Chen, Jianbo Hu, Yibo Zhu, Xuanzhe Liu, Xin Jin, and Hao Zhang · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Nanoflow: Towards optimal large language model serving throughput
Kan Zhu, Yilong Zhao, Liangyu Zhao, Gefei Zuo, Yile Gu, Dedong Xie, Yufei Gao, Qinyu Xu, Tian Tang, Zihao Ye, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Azurepublicdataset
Azure · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
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MLC-LLM, 2023-2025
MLC team · 2025
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Nccl - nvidia collective communications library
NVIDIA · 2025
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Mooncake: Trading more storage for less computation — a KVCache-centric architecture for serving LLM chatbot
Ruoyu Qin, Zheming Li, Weiran He, Jialei Cui, Feng Ren, Mingxing Zhang, Yongwei Wu, Weimin Zheng, and Xinran Xu · 2025
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Qwen2.5 technical report, 2025
Qwen, :, An Yang, Baosong Yang, Beichen Zhang, Binyuan Hui, Bo Zheng, Bowen Yu, Chengyuan Li, Dayiheng Liu, Fei Huang, Haoran Wei, Huan Lin, Jian Yang, Jianhong Tu, Jianwei Zhang, Jianxin Yang, Jiaxi Yang, Jingren Zhou, Junyang Lin, Kai Dang, Keming Lu, Keqin Bao, Kexin Yang, Le Yu, Mei Li, Mingfeng Xue, Pei Zhang, Qin Zhu, Rui Men, Runji Lin, Tianhao Li, Tianyi Tang, Tingyu Xia, Xingzhang Ren, Xuancheng Ren, Yang Fan, Yang Su, Yichang Zhang, Yu Wan, Yuqiong Liu, Zeyu Cui, Zhenru Zhang, and Zihan Qiu · 2025
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SGLang Project, 2024-2025
sglang · 2025
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vLLM: Easy, fast, and cheap LLM serving for everyone, 2023-2025
vLLM · 2025
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An open-source universal messaging library
ZMQ · 2025
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