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Building general-purpose models that can effectively perceive the world through multimodal signals has been a long-standing goal.
Updating quasi newton matrices with limited storage
Jorge Nocedal · 1980
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Robust Estimation of a Location Parameter , pages 492–518
Peter J. Huber · 1992
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Decoupled weight decay regularization
Ilya Loshchilov and Frank Hutter · 2017
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Outrageously large neural networks: The sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts layer
Noam Shazeer, Azalia Mirhoseini, Krzysztof Maziarz, Andy Davis, Quoc Le, Geoffrey Hinton, and Jeff Dean · 2017
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Neural discrete representation learning
Aaron van den Oord, Oriol Vinyals, and koray kavukcuoglu · 2017
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Attention is all you need
A Vaswani · 2017
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Language models are few-shot learners
Tom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared D Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, et al · 2020
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Scaling laws for neural language models
Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, Tom Henighan, Tom B Brown, Benjamin Chess, Rewon Child, Scott Gray, Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, and Dario Amodei · 2020
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Gshard: Scaling giant models with conditional computation and automatic sharding
Dmitry Lepikhin, HyoukJoong Lee, Yuanzhong Xu, Dehao Chen, Orhan Firat, Yanping Huang, Maxim Krikun, Noam Shazeer, and Zhifeng Chen · 2020
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Glu variants improve transformer
Noam Shazeer · 2020
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Vlmo: Unified vision-language pre-training with mixture-of-modality-experts
Hangbo Bao, Wenhui Wang, Li Dong, Qiang Liu, Owais Khan Mohammed, Kriti Aggarwal, Subhojit Som, and Furu Wei · 2021
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Taming transformers for high-resolution image synthesis
Patrick Esser, Robin Rombach, and Bjorn Ommer · 2021
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Base layers: Simplifying training of large, sparse models
Mike Lewis, Shruti Bhosale, Tim Dettmers, Naman Goyal, and Luke Zettlemoyer · 2021
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Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision
Alec Radford, Jong Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh, Gabriel Goh, Sandhini Agarwal, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Pamela Mishkin, Jack Clark, et al · 2021
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Multimodal few-shot learning with frozen language models
Maria Tsimpoukelli, Jacob L Menick, Serkan Cabi, SM Eslami, Oriol Vinyals, and Felix Hill · 2021
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Cm3: A causal masked multimodal model of the internet
Armen Aghajanyan, Bernie Huang, Candace Ross, Vladimir Karpukhin, Hu Xu, Naman Goyal, Dmytro Okhonko, Mandar Joshi, Gargi Ghosh, Mike Lewis, et al · 2022
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Flamingo: a visual language model for few-shot learning
Jean-Baptiste Alayrac, Jeff Donahue, Pauline Luc, Antoine Miech, Iain Barr, Yana Hasson, Karel Lenc, Arthur Mensch, Katherine Millican, Malcolm Reynolds, et al · 2022
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Coyo-700m: Image-text pair dataset
Minwoo Byeon, Beomhee Park, Haecheon Kim, Sungjun Lee, Woonhyuk Baek, and Saehoon Kim · 2022
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Unified scaling laws for routed language models
Aidan Clark, Diego de Las Casas, Aurelia Guy, Arthur Mensch, Michela Paganini, Jordan Hoffmann, Bogdan Damoc, Blake Hechtman, Trevor Cai, Sebastian Borgeaud, et al · 2022
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Switch transformers: Scaling to trillion parameter models with simple and efficient sparsity
William Fedus, Barret Zoph, and Noam Shazeer · 2022
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Training compute-optimal large language models
Jordan Hoffmann, Sebastian Borgeaud, Arthur Mensch, Elena Buchatskaya, Trevor Cai, Eliza Rutherford, Diego de Las Casas, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Johannes Welbl, Aidan Clark, et al · 2022
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Unified-io: A unified model for vision, language, and multi-modal tasks
Jiasen Lu, Christopher Clark, Rowan Zellers, Roozbeh Mottaghi, and Aniruddha Kembhavi · 2022
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Multimodal contrastive learning with limoe: the language-image mixture of experts
Basil Mustafa, Carlos Riquelme, Joan Puigcerver, Rodolphe Jenatton, and Neil Houlsby · 2022
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Coca: Contrastive captioners are image-text foundation models
Jiahui Yu, Zirui Wang, Vijay Vasudevan, Legg Yeung, Mojtaba Seyedhosseini, and Yonghui Wu · 2022
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St-moe: Designing stable and transferable sparse expert models
Barret Zoph, Irwan Bello, Sameer Kumar, Nan Du, Yanping Huang, Jeff Dean, Noam Shazeer, and William Fedus · 2022
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Josh Achiam, Steven Adler, Sandhini Agarwal, Lama Ahmad, Ilge Akkaya, Florencia Leoni Aleman, Diogo Almeida, Janko Altenschmidt, Sam Altman, Shyamal Anadkat, et al · 2023
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Scaling laws for generative mixed-modal language models
Armen Aghajanyan, Lili Yu, Alexis Conneau, Wei-Ning Hsu, Karen Hambardzumyan, Susan Zhang, Stephen Roller, Naman Goyal, Omer Levy, and Luke Zettlemoyer · 2023
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Introducing our multimodal models, 2023
Rohan Bavishi, Erich Elsen, Curtis Hawthorne, Maxwell Nye, Augustus Odena, Arushi Somani, and Sağnak Taşırlar · 2023
Abhimanyu Dubey, Abhinav Jauhri, Abhinav Pandey, Abhishek Kadian, Ahmad Al-Dahle, Aiesha Letman, Akhil Mathur, Alan Schelten, Amy Yang, Angela Fan, et al · 2024
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Multimodal autoregressive pre-training of large vision encoders, 2024
Enrico Fini, Mustafa Shukor, Xiujun Li, Philipp Dufter, Michal Klein, David Haldimann, Sai Aitharaju, Victor Guilherme Turrisi da Costa, Louis Béthune, Zhe Gan, Alexander T Toshev, Marcin Eichner, Moin Nabi, Yinfei Yang, Joshua M. Susskind, and Alaaeldin El-Nouby · 2024
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Scaling laws and compute-optimal training beyond fixed training durations
Alexander Hägele, Elie Bakouch, Atli Kosson, Loubna Ben Allal, Leandro Von Werra, and Martin Jaggi · 2024
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Aaron Hurst, Adam Lerer, Adam P Goucher, Adam Perelman, Aditya Ramesh, Aidan Clark, AJ Ostrow, Akila Welihinda, Alan Hayes, Alec Radford, et al · 2024
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Scaling vision transformers to 22 billion parameters
Mostafa Dehghani, Josip Djolonga, Basil Mustafa, Piotr Padlewski, Jonathan Heek, Justin Gilmer, Andreas Peter Steiner, Mathilde Caron, Robert Geirhos, Ibrahim Alabdulmohsin, et al · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Alex Fang, Albin Madappally Jose, Amit Jain, Ludwig Schmidt, Alexander Toshev, and Vaishaal Shankar · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Megablocks: Efficient sparse training with mixture-of-experts
Trevor Gale, Deepak Narayanan, Cliff Young, and Matei Zaharia · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Language is not all you need: Aligning perception with language models
Shaohan Huang, Li Dong, Wenhui Wang, Yaru Hao, Saksham Singhal, Shuming Ma, Tengchao Lv, Lei Cui, Owais Khan Mohammed, Barun Patra, et al · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Grounding language models to images for multimodal inputs and outputs
Jing Yu Koh, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, and Daniel Fried · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Linearly mapping from image to text space
Jack Merullo, Louis Castricato, Carsten Eickhoff, and Ellie Pavlick · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
4m: Massively multimodal masked modeling
David Mizrahi, Roman Bachmann, Oguzhan Kar, Teresa Yeo, Mingfei Gao, Afshin Dehghan, and Amir Zamir · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Albert Q Jiang, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Antoine Roux, Arthur Mensch, Blanche Savary, Chris Bamford, Devendra Singh Chaplot, Diego de las Casas, Emma Bou Hanna, Florian Bressand, et al · 2024
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Scaling laws for fine-grained mixture of experts
Jakub Krajewski, Jan Ludziejewski, Kamil Adamczewski, Maciej Pióro, Michał Krutul, Szymon Antoniak, Kamil Ciebiera, Krystian Król, Tomasz Odrzygóźdź, Piotr Sankowski, et al · 2024
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Anymal: An efficient and scalable any-modality augmented language model
Seungwhan Moon, Andrea Madotto, Zhaojiang Lin, Tushar Nagarajan, Matt Smith, Shashank Jain, Chun-Fu Yeh, Prakash Murugesan, Peyman Heidari, Yue Liu, et al · 2024
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Reconciling kaplan and chinchilla scaling laws
Tim Pearce and Jinyeop Song · 2024
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Scaling laws for pre-training agents and world models
Tim Pearce, Tabish Rashid, Dave Bignell, Raluca Georgescu, Sam Devlin, and Katja Hofmann · 2024
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Implicit multimodal alignment: On the generalization of frozen llms to multimodal inputs
Mustafa Shukor and Matthieu Cord · 2024
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Hunyuan-large: An open-source moe model with 52 billion activated parameters by tencent
Xingwu Sun, Yanfeng Chen, Yiqing Huang, Ruobing Xie, Jiaqi Zhu, Kai Zhang, Shuaipeng Li, Zhen Yang, Jonny Han, Xiaobo Shu, et al · 2024
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Chameleon: Mixed-modal early-fusion foundation models
Chameleon Team · 2024
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Improved baselines for data-efficient perceptual augmentation of llms
Théophane Vallaeys, Mustafa Shukor, Matthieu Cord, and Jakob Verbeek · 2024
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Scaling laws across model architectures: A comparative analysis of dense and MoE models in large language models
Siqi Wang, Zhengyu Chen, Bei Li, Keqing He, Min Zhang, and Jingang Wang · 2024
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Skywork-moe: A deep dive into training techniques for mixture-of-experts language models
Tianwen Wei, Bo Zhu, Liang Zhao, Cheng Cheng, Biye Li, Weiwei Lü, Peng Cheng, Jianhao Zhang, Xiaoyu Zhang, Liang Zeng, et al · 2024
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xgen-mm (blip-3): A family of open large multimodal models
Le Xue, Manli Shu, Anas Awadalla, Jun Wang, An Yan, Senthil Purushwalkam, Honglu Zhou, Viraj Prabhu, Yutong Dai, Michael S Ryoo, et al · 2024
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Mm1. 5: Methods, analysis & insights from multimodal llm fine-tuning
Haotian Zhang, Mingfei Gao, Zhe Gan, Philipp Dufter, Nina Wenzel, Forrest Huang, Dhruti Shah, Xianzhi Du, Bowen Zhang, Yanghao Li, et al · 2024
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MiniGPT-4: Enhancing vision-language understanding with advanced large language models
Deyao Zhu, Jun Chen, Xiaoqian Shen, Xiang Li, and Mohamed Elhoseiny · 2024
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Parameters vs flops: Scaling laws for optimal sparsity for mixture-of-experts language models
Samira Abnar, Harshay Shah, Dan Busbridge, Alaaeldin Mohamed Elnouby Ali, Josh Susskind, and Vimal Thilak · 2025
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Mm1: methods, analysis and insights from multimodal llm pre-training
Brandon McKinzie, Zhe Gan, Jean-Philippe Fauconnier, Sam Dodge, Bowen Zhang, Philipp Dufter, Dhruti Shah, Xianzhi Du, Futang Peng, Anton Belyi, et al · 2025
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An empirical study of autoregressive pre-training from videos
Jathushan Rajasegaran, Ilija Radosavovic, Rahul Ravishankar, Yossi Gandelsman, Christoph Feichtenhofer, and Jitendra Malik · 2025
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Smolvla: A vision-language-action model for affordable and efficient robotics
Mustafa Shukor, Dana Aubakirova, Francesco Capuano, Pepijn Kooijmans, Steven Palma, Adil Zouitine, Michel Aractingi, Caroline Pascal, Martino Russi, Andres Marafioti, et al · 2025
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