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Reasoning-enhanced large language models (LLMs) explicitly generate intermediate reasoning steps prior to generating final answers, helping the model excel in complex problem-solving.
Language models are few-shot learners
Tom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared D Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, et al · 2020
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Plug and play language models: A simple approach to controlled text generation
Sumanth Dathathri, Andrea Madotto, Janice Lan, Jane Hung, Eric Frank, Piero Molino, Jason Yosinski, and Rosanne Liu · 2020
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AutoPrompt: Eliciting Knowledge from Language Models with Automatically Generated Prompts
Taylor Shin, Yasaman Razeghi, Robert L. Logan IV, Eric Wallace, and Sameer Singh · 2020
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Learning to summarize with human feedback
Nisan Stiennon, Long Ouyang, Jeffrey Wu, Daniel Ziegler, Ryan Lowe, Chelsea Voss, Alec Radford, Dario Amodei, and Paul F Christiano · 2020
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Measuring mathematical problem solving with the math dataset
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Saurav Kadavath, Akul Arora, Steven Basart, Eric Tang, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt · 2021
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Prompt programming for large language models: Beyond the few-shot paradigm
Laria Reynolds and Kyle McDonell · 2021
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Training a helpful and harmless assistant with reinforcement learning from human feedback
Yuntao Bai, Andy Jones, Kamal Ndousse, Amanda Askell, Anna Chen, Nova DasSarma, Dawn Drain, Stanislav Fort, Deep Ganguli, Tom Henighan, et al · 2022
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Constitutional ai: Harmlessness from ai feedback
Yuntao Bai, Saurav Kadavath, Sandipan Kundu, Amanda Askell, Jackson Kernion, Andy Jones, Anna Chen, Anna Goldie, Azalia Mirhoseini, Cameron McKinnon, et al · 2022
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Rlprompt: Optimizing discrete text prompts with reinforcement learning
Mingkai Deng, Jianyu Wang, Cheng-Ping Hsieh, Yihan Wang, Han Guo, Tianmin Shu, Meng Song, Eric P Xing, and Zhiting Hu · 2022
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Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback
Long Ouyang, Jeffrey Wu, Xu Jiang, Diogo Almeida, Carroll Wainwright, Pamela Mishkin, Chong Zhang, Sandhini Agarwal, Katarina Slama, Alex Ray, et al · 2022
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Ignore previous prompt: Attack techniques for language models
Fábio Perez and Ian Ribeiro · 2022
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Multitask prompted training enables zero-shot task generalization
Victor Sanh, Albert Webson, Colin Raffel, Stephen Bach, Lintang Sutawika, Zaid Alyafeai, Antoine Chaffin, Arnaud Stiegler, Arun Raja, Manan Dey, M Saiful Bari, Canwen Xu, Urmish Thakker, Shanya Sharma Sharma, Eliza Szczechla, Taewoon Kim, Gunjan Chhablani, Nihal Nayak, Debajyoti Datta, Jonathan Chang, Mike Tian-Jian Jiang, Han Wang, Matteo Manica, Sheng Shen, Zheng Xin Yong, Harshit Pandey, Rachel Bawden, Thomas Wang, Trishala Neeraj, Jos Rozen, Abheesht Sharma, Andrea Santilli, Thibault Fevry, Jason Alan Fries, Ryan Teehan, Teven Le Scao, Stella Biderman, Leo Gao, Thomas Wolf, and Alexander M Rush · 2022
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Interactive and visual prompt engineering for ad-hoc task adaptation with large language models, 2022
Hendrik Strobelt, Albert Webson, Victor Sanh, Benjamin Hoover, Johanna Beyer, Hanspeter Pfister, and Alexander M. Rush · 2022
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Interleaving retrieval with chain-of-thought reasoning for knowledge-intensive multi-step questions
Harsh Trivedi, Niranjan Balasubramanian, Tushar Khot, and Ashish Sabharwal · 2022
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Finetuned language models are zero-shot learners
Jason Wei, Maarten Bosma, Vincent Zhao, Kelvin Guu, Adams Wei Yu, Brian Lester, Nan Du, Andrew M Dai, and Quoc V Le · 2022
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Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models
Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V Le, Denny Zhou, et al · 2022
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Not what you’ve signed up for: Compromising real-world llm-integrated applications with indirect prompt injection
Kai Greshake, Sahar Abdelnabi, Shailesh Mishra, Christoph Endres, Thorsten Holz, and Mario Fritz · 2023
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Inspecting and editing knowledge representations in language models
Evan Hernandez, Belinda Z Li, and Jacob Andreas · 2023
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Measuring faithfulness in chain-of-thought reasoning
Tamera Lanham, Anna Chen, Ansh Radhakrishnan, Benoit Steiner, Carson Denison, Danny Hernandez, Dustin Li, Esin Durmus, Evan Hubinger, Jackson Kernion, et al · 2023
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Inference-time intervention: Eliciting truthful answers from a language model
Kenneth Li, Oam Patel, Fernanda Viégas, Hanspeter Pfister, and Martin Wattenberg · 2023
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Language models are greedy reasoners: A systematic formal analysis of chain-of-thought
Abulhair Saparov and He He · 2023
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Llama 2: Open foundation and fine-tuned chat models
Hugo Touvron, Louis Martin, Kevin Stone, Peter Albert, Amjad Almahairi, Yasmine Babaei, Nikolay Bashlykov, Soumya Batra, Prajjwal Bhargava, Shruti Bhosale, et al · 2023
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Language models don’t always say what they think: Unfaithful explanations in chain-of-thought prompting
Miles Turpin, Julian Michael, Ethan Perez, and Samuel Bowman · 2023
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Self-consistency improves chain of thought reasoning in language models
Xuezhi Wang, Jason Wei, Dale Schuurmans, Quoc V Le, Ed H Chi, Sharan Narang, Aakanksha Chowdhery, and Denny Zhou · 2023
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Jailbroken: How does llm safety training fail?
Alexander Wei, Nika Haghtalab, and Jacob Steinhardt · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Defending chatgpt against jailbreak attack via self-reminders
Yueqi Xie, Jingwei Yi, Jiawei Shao, Justin Curl, Lingjuan Lyu, Qifeng Chen, Xing Xie, and Fangzhao Wu · 2023
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React: Synergizing reasoning and acting in language models
Shunyu Yao, Jeffrey Zhao, Dian Yu, Nan Du, Izhak Shafran, Karthik Narasimhan, and Yuan Cao · 2023
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Judging llm-as-a-judge with mt-bench and chatbot arena
Lianmin Zheng, Wei-Lin Chiang, Ying Sheng, Siyuan Zhuang, Zhanghao Wu, Yonghao Zhuang, Zi Lin, Zhuohan Li, Dacheng Li, Eric Xing, et al · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Judging llm-as-a-judge with mt-bench and chatbot arena
Lianmin Zheng, Wei-Lin Chiang, Ying Sheng, Siyuan Zhuang, Zhanghao Wu, Yonghao Zhuang, Zi Lin, Zhuohan Li, Dacheng Li, Eric Xing, Hao Zhang, Joseph E Gonzalez, and Ion Stoica · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Instruction-following evaluation for large language models, 2023
Jeffrey Zhou, Tianjian Lu, Swaroop Mishra, Siddhartha Brahma, Sujoy Basu, Yi Luan, Denny Zhou, and Le Hou · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Representation engineering: A top-down approach to ai transparency
Andy Zou, Long Phan, Sarah Chen, James Campbell, Phillip Guo, Richard Ren, Alexander Pan, Xuwang Yin, Mantas Mazeika, Ann-Kathrin Dombrowski, et al · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Universal and transferable adversarial attacks on aligned language models
Andy Zou, Zifan Wang, Nicholas Carlini, Milad Nasr, J Zico Kolter, and Matt Fredrikson · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Struq: Defending against prompt injection with structured queries
Claude’s extended thinking, February 24 2025
Anthropic · 2025
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Chain-of-thought reasoning in the wild is not always faithful
Iván Arcuschin, Jett Janiak, Robert Krzyzanowski, Senthooran Rajamanoharan, Neel Nanda, and Arthur Conmy · 2025
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Monitoring reasoning models for misbehavior and the risks of promoting obfuscation
Bowen Baker, Joost Huizinga, Leo Gao, Zehao Dou, Melody Y Guan, Aleksander Madry, Wojciech Zaremba, Jakub Pachocki, and David Farhi · 2025
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Gemini flash thinking, 2025
Google DeepMind · 2025
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Control illusion: The failure of instruction hierarchies in large language models
Yilin Geng, Haonan Li, Honglin Mu, Xudong Han, Timothy Baldwin, Omri Abend, Eduard H. Hovy, and Lea Frermann · 2025
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alphaXiv searches the wider corpus for related work and actual follow-ups.
alphaXiv is searching for related work…
Sizhe Chen, Julien Piet, Chawin Sitawarin, and David Wagner · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Scaling instruction-finetuned language models
Hyung Won Chung, Le Hou, Shayne Longpre, Barret Zoph, Yi Tay, William Fedus, Yunxuan Li, Xuezhi Wang, Mostafa Dehghani, Siddhartha Brahma, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Safe RLHF: Safe reinforcement learning from human feedback
Josef Dai, Xuehai Pan, Ruiyang Sun, Jiaming Ji, Xinbo Xu, Mickel Liu, Yizhou Wang, and Yaodong Yang · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
ToRA: A tool-integrated reasoning agent for mathematical problem solving
Zhibin Gou, Zhihong Shao, Yeyun Gong, yelong shen, Yujiu Yang, Minlie Huang, Nan Duan, and Weizhu Chen · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Aaron Grattafiori, Abhimanyu Dubey, Abhinav Jauhri, Abhinav Pandey, Abhishek Kadian, Ahmad Al-Dahle, Aiesha Letman, Akhil Mathur, Alan Schelten, Alex Vaughan, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Deliberative alignment: Reasoning enables safer language models
Melody Y Guan, Manas Joglekar, Eric Wallace, Saachi Jain, Boaz Barak, Alec Helyar, Rachel Dias, Andrea Vallone, Hongyu Ren, Jason Wei, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Token-budget-aware llm reasoning
Tingxu Han, Zhenting Wang, Chunrong Fang, Shiyu Zhao, Shiqing Ma, and Zhenyu Chen · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Defending against indirect prompt injection attacks with spotlighting
Keegan Hines, Gary Lopez, Matthew Hall, Federico Zarfati, Yonatan Zunger, and Emre Kiciman · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning
Daya Guo, Dejian Yang, Haowei Zhang, Junxiao Song, Ruoyu Zhang, Runxin Xu, Qihao Zhu, Shirong Ma, Peiyi Wang, Xiao Bi, et al · 2025
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Token-budget-aware llm reasoning, 2025
Tingxu Han, Zhenting Wang, Chunrong Fang, Shiyu Zhao, Shiqing Ma, and Zhenyu Chen · 2025
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Safety tax: Safety alignment makes your large reasoning models less reasonable
Tiansheng Huang, Sihao Hu, Fatih Ilhan, Selim Furkan Tekin, Zachary Yahn, Yichang Xu, and Ling Liu · 2025
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Safechain: Safety of language models with long chain-of-thought reasoning capabilities
Fengqing Jiang, Zhangchen Xu, Yuetai Li, Luyao Niu, Zhen Xiang, Bo Li, Bill Yuchen Lin, and Radha Poovendran · 2025
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How well do llms compress their own chain-of-thought? a token complexity approach
Ayeong Lee, Ethan Che, and Tianyi Peng · 2025
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Start: Self-taught reasoner with tools, 2025
Chengpeng Li, Mingfeng Xue, Zhenru Zhang, Jiaxi Yang, Beichen Zhang, Xiang Wang, Bowen Yu, Binyuan Hui, Junyang Lin, and Dayiheng Liu · 2025
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Reasoning models can be effective without thinking, 2025
Wenjie Ma, Jingxuan He, Charlie Snell, Tyler Griggs, Sewon Min, and Matei Zaharia · 2025
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American Invitational Mathematics Examination (AIME)
Mathematical Association of America · 2025
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Niklas Muennighoff, Zitong Yang, Weijia Shi, Xiang Lisa Li, Li Fei-Fei, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Luke Zettlemoyer, Percy Liang, Emmanuel Candès, and Tatsunori Hashimoto · 2025
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How we think about safety and alignment, 2025
OpenAI · 2025
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Qwen2.5 technical report, 2025
Qwen, :, An Yang, Baosong Yang, Beichen Zhang, Binyuan Hui, Bo Zheng, Bowen Yu, Chengyuan Li, Dayiheng Liu, Fei Huang, Haoran Wei, Huan Lin, Jian Yang, Jianhong Tu, Jianwei Zhang, Jianxin Yang, Jiaxi Yang, Jingren Zhou, Junyang Lin, Kai Dang, Keming Lu, Keqin Bao, Kexin Yang, Le Yu, Mei Li, Mingfeng Xue, Pei Zhang, Qin Zhu, Rui Men, Runji Lin, Tianhao Li, Tianyi Tang, Tingyu Xia, Xingzhang Ren, Xuancheng Ren, Yang Fan, Yang Su, Yichang Zhang, Yu Wan, Yuqiong Liu, Zeyu Cui, Zhenru Zhang, and Zihan Qiu · 2025
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Qwq-32b: Embracing the power of reinforcement learning, March 2025
Qwen Team · 2025
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Mrinank Sharma, Meg Tong, Jesse Mu, Jerry Wei, Jorrit Kruthoff, Scott Goodfriend, Euan Ong, Alwin Peng, Raj Agarwal, Cem Anil, et al · 2025
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Stop overthinking: A survey on efficient reasoning for large language models
Yang Sui, Yu-Neng Chuang, Guanchu Wang, Jiamu Zhang, Tianyi Zhang, Jiayi Yuan, Hongyi Liu, Andrew Wen, Shaochen Zhong, Hanjie Chen, and Xia Hu · 2025
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Star-1: Safer alignment of reasoning llms with 1k data
Zijun Wang, Haoqin Tu, Yuhan Wang, Juncheng Wu, Jieru Mei, Brian R Bartoldson, Bhavya Kailkhura, and Cihang Xie · 2025
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Instructional segment embedding: Improving LLM safety with instruction hierarchy
Tong Wu, Shujian Zhang, Kaiqiang Song, Silei Xu, Sanqiang Zhao, Ravi Agrawal, Sathish Reddy Indurthi, Chong Xiang, Prateek Mittal, and Wenxuan Zhou · 2025
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Grok 3 beta — the age of reasoning agents, February 19 2025
xAI · 2025
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Chain of draft: Thinking faster by writing less
Silei Xu, Wenhao Xie, Lingxiao Zhao, and Pengcheng He · 2025
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Trading inference-time compute for adversarial robustness
Wojciech Zaremba, Evgenia Nitishinskaya, Boaz Barak, Stephanie Lin, Sam Toyer, Yaodong Yu, Rachel Dias, Eric Wallace, Kai Xiao, Johannes Heidecke, et al · 2025
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The hidden risks of large reasoning models: A safety assessment of r1
Kaiwen Zhou, Chengzhi Liu, Xuandong Zhao, Shreedhar Jangam, Jayanth Srinivasa, Gaowen Liu, Dawn Song, and Xin Eric Wang · 2025
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Can LLMs separate instructions from data? and what do we even mean by that?
Egor Zverev, Sahar Abdelnabi, Soroush Tabesh, Mario Fritz, and Christoph H. Lampert · 2025
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Aside: Architectural separation of instructions and data in language models
Egor Zverev, Evgenii Kortukov, Alexander Panfilov, Soroush Tabesh, Alexandra Volkova, Sebastian Lapuschkin, Wojciech Samek, and Christoph H Lampert · 2025
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