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Recent advances in large language models (LLMs), such as OpenAI-o1 and DeepSeek-R1, have demonstrated the effectiveness of test-time scaling, where extended reasoning processes substantially enhance model performance.
Scaling laws for neural language models, 2020
Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, Tom Henighan, Tom B. Brown, Benjamin Chess, Rewon Child, Scott Gray, Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, and Dario Amodei · 2001
Earlier work this paper cites.
Concrete problems in ai safety, 2016
Dario Amodei, Chris Olah, Jacob Steinhardt, Paul Christiano, John Schulman, and Dan Mané · 2016
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Training compute-optimal large language models, 2022
Jordan Hoffmann, Sebastian Borgeaud, Arthur Mensch, Elena Buchatskaya, Trevor Cai, Eliza Rutherford, Diego de Las Casas, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Johannes Welbl, Aidan Clark, Tom Hennigan, Eric Noland, Katie Millican, George van den Driessche, Bogdan Damoc, Aurelia Guy, Simon Osindero, Karen Simonyan, Erich Elsen, Jack W. Rae, Oriol Vinyals, and Laurent Sifre · 2022
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Kcts: Knowledge-constrained tree search decoding with token-level hallucination detection, 2023
Sehyun Choi, Tianqing Fang, Zhaowei Wang, and Yangqiu Song · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Goal misgeneralization in deep reinforcement learning, 2023
Lauro Langosco, Jack Koch, Lee Sharkey, Jacob Pfau, Laurent Orseau, and David Krueger · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Let’s verify step by step, 2023
Hunter Lightman, Vineet Kosaraju, Yura Burda, Harri Edwards, Bowen Baker, Teddy Lee, Jan Leike, John Schulman, Ilya Sutskever, and Karl Cobbe · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Gpqa: A graduate-level google-proof q&a benchmark, 2023
David Rein, Betty Li Hou, Asa Cooper Stickland, Jackson Petty, Richard Yuanzhe Pang, Julien Dirani, Julian Michael, and Samuel R. Bowman · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models, 2023
Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Brian Ichter, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc Le, and Denny Zhou · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Active prompting with chain-of-thought for large language models, 2024
Shizhe Diao, Pengcheng Wang, Yong Lin, Rui Pan, Xiang Liu, and Tong Zhang · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Livecodebench: Holistic and contamination free evaluation of large language models for code
Naman Jain, King Han, Alex Gu, Wen-Ding Li, Fanjia Yan, Tianjun Zhang, Sida Wang, Armando Solar-Lezama, Koushik Sen, and Ion Stoica · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
A simple model of inference scaling laws, 2024
Noam Levi · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
American invitational mathematics examination - aime
MAA · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
O1 replication journey: A strategic progress report – part 1, 2024
Yiwei Qin, Xuefeng Li, Haoyang Zou, Yixiu Liu, Shijie Xia, Zhen Huang, Yixin Ye, Weizhe Yuan, Hector Liu, Yuanzhi Li, and Pengfei Liu · 2024
Towards reasoning era: A survey of long chain-of-thought for reasoning large language models, 2025
Qiguang Chen, Libo Qin, Jinhao Liu, Dengyun Peng, Jiannan Guan, Peng Wang, Mengkang Hu, Yuhang Zhou, Te Gao, and Wanxiang Che · 2025
Closest in time.
Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning, 2025
DeepSeek-AI · 2025
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Search-o1: Agentic search-enhanced large reasoning models, 2025
Xiaoxi Li, Guanting Dong, Jiajie Jin, Yuyao Zhang, Yujia Zhou, Yutao Zhu, Peitian Zhang, and Zhicheng Dou · 2025
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s1: Simple test-time scaling, 2025
Niklas Muennighoff, Zitong Yang, Weijia Shi, Xiang Lisa Li, Li Fei-Fei, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Luke Zettlemoyer, Percy Liang, Emmanuel Candès, and Tatsunori Hashimoto · 2025
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Cited alongside, same era.
Team qwen2.5: A party of foundation models, September 2024
Qwen · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Math-shepherd: Verify and reinforce llms step-by-step without human annotations, 2024
Peiyi Wang, Lei Li, Zhihong Shao, R. X. Xu, Damai Dai, Yifei Li, Deli Chen, Y. Wu, and Zhifang Sui · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Language agent tree search unifies reasoning acting and planning in language models, 2024
Andy Zhou, Kai Yan, Michal Shlapentokh-Rothman, Haohan Wang, and Yu-Xiong Wang · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Learning to reason with llms, 2024a
OpenAI
Cited in the paper.
OpenAI
Cited in the paper.
Qwq-32b: Embracing the power of reinforcement learning, March 2025
Qwen Team · 2025
Closest in time.
Yangzhen Wu, Zhiqing Sun, Shanda Li, Sean Welleck, and Yiming Yang · 2025
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Towards thinking-optimal scaling of test-time compute for llm reasoning, 2025
Wenkai Yang, Shuming Ma, Yankai Lin, and Furu Wei · 2025
Closest in time.
1.4 million open-source distilled reasoning dataset to empower large language model traning, 2025
Han Zhao, Haotian Wang, Yiping Peng, Sitong Zhao, Xiaoyu Tian, Shuaiting Chen, Yunjie Ji, and Xiangang Li · 2025
Closest in time.