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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential in advancing scientific knowledge and addressing complex challenges.
On the resemblance and containment of documents
Andrei Z Broder · 1997
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Similarity search in high dimensions via hashing
Aristides Gionis, Piotr Indyk, and Rajeev Motwani · 1999
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Retrieval-augmented generation for knowledge-intensive nlp tasks, 2020
Patrick Lewis, Ethan Perez, Aleksandra Piktus, Fabio Petroni, Vladimir Karpukhin, Naman Goyal, Heinrich Küttler, Mike Lewis, Wen tau Yih, Tim Rocktäschel, Sebastian Riedel, and Douwe Kiela · 2005
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Nemo: an evolutionary and population genetics programming framework
Frédéric Guillaume and Jacques Rougemont · 2006
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Adam: A method for stochastic optimization
Diederik P Kingma and Jimmy Ba · 2014
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Chemrxiv: A chemistry preprint server
L. L. Kiessling, L. E. Fernandez, A. P. Alivisatos, and P. S. Weiss · 2016
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Pubchem substance and compound databases
Sunghwan Kim, Paul A Thiessen, Evan E Bolton, Jie Chen, Gang Fu, Asta Gindulyte, Lianyi Han, Jane He, Siqian He, Benjamin A Shoemaker, et al · 2016
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Think you have solved question answering? try arc, the ai2 reasoning challenge
Peter Clark, Isaac Cowhey, Oren Etzioni, Tushar Khot, Ashish Sabharwal, Carissa Schoenick, and Oyvind Tafjord · 2018
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On the use of arxiv as a dataset, 2019
Colin B. Clement, Matthew Bierbaum, Kevin P. O’Keeffe, and Alexander A. Alemi · 2019
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Nemo: a toolkit for building ai applications using neural modules
Oleksii Kuchaiev, Jason Li, Huyen Nguyen, Oleksii Hrinchuk, Ryan Leary, Boris Ginsburg, Samuel Kriman, Stanislav Beliaev, Vitaly Lavrukhin, Jack Cook, et al · 2019
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Megatron-lm: Training multi-billion parameter language models using model parallelism
Mohammad Shoeybi, Mostofa Patwary, Raul Puri, Patrick LeGresley, Jared Casper, and Bryan Catanzaro · 2019
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Hellaswag: Can a machine really finish your sentence?
Rowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Yonatan Bisk, Ali Farhadi, and Yejin Choi · 2019
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Chemberta: large-scale self-supervised pretraining for molecular property prediction
Seyone Chithrananda, Gabriel Grand, and Bharath Ramsundar · 2020
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Don’t stop pretraining: Adapt language models to domains and tasks
Suchin Gururangan, Ana Marasović, Swabha Swayamdipta, Kyle Lo, Iz Beltagy, Doug Downey, and Noah A Smith · 2020
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Measuring massive multitask language understanding
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt · 2020
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S2ORC: The semantic scholar open research corpus
Kyle Lo, Lucy Lu Wang, Mark Neumann, Rodney Kinney, and Daniel Weld · 2020
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Improving language models by retrieving from trillions of tokens, 2021
Sébastien Borgeaud, Arthur Mensch, Jordan Hoffmann, Trevor Cai, Eliza Rutherford, Katie Millican, George van den Driessche, Jean-Baptiste Lespiau, Bogdan Damoc, Aidan Clark, Diego de Las Casas, Aurelia Guy, Jacob Menick, Roman Ring, Tom Hennigan, Saffron Huang, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Catalina Dadarlat, Daniel Ziegler, Chris Jones, Albin Cassirer, Andy Brock, Akbir Khan, Vlad Firoiu, Oriol Vinyals, Andrew Trask, Nicolas Carrazza, Matthew Botvinick, and David Choi · 2021
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Mol-bert: An effective molecular representation with bert for molecular property prediction
Juncai Li and Xiaofei Jiang · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Winogrande: An adversarial winograd schema challenge at scale
Keisuke Sakaguchi, Ronan Le Bras, Chandra Bhagavatula, and Yejin Choi · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Flamingo: a visual language model for few-shot learning
Jean-Baptiste Alayrac, Jeff Donahue, Pauline Luc, Antoine Miech, Iain Barr, Yana Hasson, Karel Lenc, Arthur Mensch, Katherine Millican, Malcolm Reynolds, et al · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Flashattention: Fast and memory-efficient exact attention with io-awareness
Tri Dao, Dan Fu, Stefano Ermon, Atri Rudra, and Christopher Ré · 2022
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Chemgpt: Neural scaling of deep chemical models
Nathan Frey, Ryan Soklaski, Simon Axelrod, Siddharth Samsi, Rafael Gomez-Bombarelli, Connor Coley, and Vijay Gadepally · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
ChatGPT: Optimizing language models for dialogue
OpenAI · 2024
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Gpqa: A graduate-level google-proof q&a benchmark
David Rein, Betty Li Hou, Asa Cooper Stickland, Jackson Petty, Richard Yuanzhe Pang, Julien Dirani, Julian Michael, and Samuel R Bowman · 2024
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Tag-llm: Repurposing general-purpose llms for specialized domains
Junhong Shen, Neil Tenenholtz, James Brian Hall, David Alvarez-Melis, and Nicolo Fusi · 2024
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Helpsteer2: Open-source dataset for training top-performing reward models, 2024
Zhilin Wang, Yi Dong, Olivier Delalleau, Jiaqi Zeng, Gerald Shen, Daniel Egert, Jimmy J. Zhang, Makesh Narsimhan Sreedhar, and Oleksii Kuchaiev · 2024
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An Yang, Baosong Yang, Beichen Zhang, Binyuan Hui, Bo Zheng, Bowen Yu, Chengyuan Li, Dayiheng Liu, Fei Huang, Haoran Wei, et al · 2024
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Gautier Izacard, Lucas Hosseini, Fabio Petroni, Patrick Lewis, Ledell Wu, Wen tau Yih, Sonal Gupta, Nicola De Cao, Antoine Bordes, Stuart Shieber, Sebastian Riedel, and Douwe Kiela · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Galactica: A large language model for science
Ross Taylor, Marcin Kardas, Guillem Cucurull, Thomas Scialom, Anthony Hartshorn, Elvis Saravia, Andrew Poulton, Viktor Kerkez, and Robert Stojnic · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Jinze Bai, Shuai Bai, Yunfei Chu, Zeyu Cui, Kai Dang, Xiaodong Deng, Yang Fan, Wenbin Ge, Yu Han, Fei Huang, et al · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Chipnemo: Domain-adapted llms for chip design
Mingjie Liu, Teodor-Dumitru Ene, Robert Kirby, Chris Cheng, Nathaniel Pinckney, Rongjian Liang, Jonah Alben, Himyanshu Anand, Sanmitra Banerjee, Ismet Bayraktaroglu, et al · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
ChatGPT: Optimizing language models for dialogue
OpenAI · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Gemini: a family of highly capable multimodal models
Gemini Team, Rohan Anil, Sebastian Borgeaud, Jean-Baptiste Alayrac, Jiahui Yu, Radu Soricut, Johan Schalkwyk, Andrew M Dai, Anja Hauth, Katie Millican, et al · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Bloomberggpt: A large language model for finance
Shijie Wu, Ozan Irsoy, Steven Lu, Vadim Dabravolski, Mark Dredze, Sebastian Gehrmann, Prabhanjan Kambadur, David Rosenberg, and Gideon Mann · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Later among the works it cites.
Chemllm: A chemical large language model
Di Zhang, Yutong Li, Yixuan Li, et al · 2024
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Claude 3.5 sonnet
Anthropic · 2025
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Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning
Daya Guo, Dejian Yang, Haowei Zhang, Junxiao Song, Ruoyu Zhang, Runxin Xu, Qihao Zhu, Shirong Ma, Peiyi Wang, Xiao Bi, et al · 2025
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Grok 3: A 2700b parameter model for advanced reasoning
Wei Liu, Mark Johnson, Li Zhang, Raj Kumar, and Xiaoming Chen · 2025
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Niklas Muennighoff, Zitong Yang, Weijia Shi, Xiang Lisa Li, Li Fei-Fei, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Luke Zettlemoyer, Percy Liang, Emmanuel Candès, and Tatsunori Hashimoto · 2025
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ChatGPT: Optimizing language models for dialogue
OpenAI · 2025
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Matterchat: A multi-modal llm for material science
Yingheng Tang, Wenbin Xu, Jie Cao, Jianzhu Ma, Weilu Gao, Steve Farrell, Benjamin Erichson, Michael W Mahoney, Andy Nonaka, and Zhi Yao · 2025
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Gemini: a family of highly capable multimodal models
Gemini Team, Rohan Anil, Sebastian Borgeaud, Jean-Baptiste Alayrac, Jiahui Yu, Radu Soricut, Johan Schalkwyk, Andrew M Dai, Anja Hauth, Katie Millican, et al · 2025
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Unstructured: A python library for processing unstructured data
Unstructured.IO · 2025
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Battery state of health estimation using llm framework
Aybars Yunusoglu, Dexter Le, Karn Tiwari, Murat Isik, and I Dikmen · 2025
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Scientific large language models: A survey on biological & chemical domains
Qiang Zhang, Keyan Ding, Tianwen Lv, Xinda Wang, Qingyu Yin, Yiwen Zhang, Jing Yu, Yuhao Wang, Xiaotong Li, Zhuoyi Xiang, et al · 2025
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