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The physical processes that led to the formation of billion solar mass black holes within the first 700 million years of cosmic time remain a puzzle.
Supermassive black holes in the early universe
Smith, A. & Bromm, V · 1904
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The Assembly of the First Massive Black Holes
Inayoshi, K., Visbal, E. & Haiman, Z · 1911
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Composable Effects for Flexible and Accelerated Probabilistic Programming in NumPyro
Phan, D., Pradhan, N. & Jankowiak, M · 1912
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What Heats the Hot Phase in Active Nuclei?
Mathews, W. G. & Ferland, G. J · 1987
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The relationship between infrared, optical, and ultraviolet extinction
Cardelli, J. A., Clayton, G. C. & Mathis, J. S · 1989
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Variability of Active Galactic Nuclei
Ulrich, M.-H., Maraschi, L. & Urry, C. M · 1997
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A Stellar Spectral Flux Library: 1150-25000 Å
Pickles, A. J · 1998
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Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
Chabrier, G · 2003
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Spectral energy distributions of marginally self-gravitating quasi-stellar object discs
Sirko, E. & Goodman, J · 2003
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Pōniuā’ena: A Luminous z = 7.5 Quasar Hosting a 1.5 Billion Solar Mass Black Hole
Yang, J. et al · 2006
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Direct Measurements of the Stellar Continua and Balmer/4000 Å Breaks of Red z ¿ 2 Galaxies: Redshifts and Improved Constraints on Stellar Populations1,
Kriek, M. et al · 2006
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Discovery of H α \alpha Absorption in the Unusual Broad Absorption Line Quasar SDSS J083942.11+380526.3
Aoki, K. et al · 2006
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Spectroscopic Identification of Massive Galaxies at z ~
Kriek, M. et al · 2006
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Determining Central Black Hole Masses in Distant Active Galaxies and Quasars. II. Improved Optical and UV Scaling Relationships
Vestergaard, M. & Peterson, B. M · 2006
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3D Ly α \alpha radiation transfer. I. Understanding Ly α \alpha line profile morphologies
Verhamme, A., Schaerer, D. & Maselli, A · 2006
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A Quasar with Broad Absorption in the Balmer Lines
Hall, P. B · 2007
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Quasi-stars: accreting black holes inside massive envelopes
Begelman, M. C., Rossi, E. M. & Armitage, P. J · 2008
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EAZY: A Fast, Public Photometric Redshift Code
Brammer, G. B., van Dokkum, P. G. & Coppi, P · 2008
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Quasi-stars and the cosmic evolution of massive black holes
Volonteri, M. & Begelman, M. C · 2010
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Modeling the Time Variability of SDSS Stripe 82 Quasars as a Damped Random Walk
MacLeod, C. L. et al · 2010
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An updated MILES stellar library and stellar population models
Falcón-Barroso, J. et al · 2011
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Massive black hole factories: Supermassive and quasi-star formation in primordial halos
Schleicher, D. R. G., Palla, F., Ferrara, A., Galli, D. & Latif, M · 2013
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Rapid growth of seed black holes in the early universe by supra-exponential accretion
Alexander, T. & Natarajan, P · 2014
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The Lyman α \alpha signature of the first galaxies
Smith, A., Safranek-Shrader, C., Bromm, V. & Milosavljević, M · 2015
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New constraints on direct collapse black hole formation in the early Universe
Agarwal, B., Smith, B., Glover, S., Natarajan, P. & Khochfar, S · 2016
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Unveiling the First Black Holes With JWST:Multi-wavelength Spectral Predictions
Natarajan, P. et al · 2017
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Modeling 237 Lyman- α \alpha spectra of the MUSE-Wide survey
Gronke, M · 2017
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Radiative effects during the assembly of direct collapse black holes
Smith, A., Becerra, F., Bromm, V. & Hernquist, L · 2017
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The Sunburst Arc: Direct Lyman α \alpha escape observed in the brightest known lensed galaxy
Rivera-Thorsen, T. E. et al · 2017
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An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at a redshift of 7.5
Bañados, E. et al · 2018
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Discovery of Strong Balmer Line Absorption in Two Luminous LoBAL Quasars at z ∼ \sim 1.5
Schulze, A., Misawa, T., Zuo, W. & Wu, X.-B · 2018
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Direct Lyman continuum and Ly α \alpha escape observed at redshift 4
Vanzella, E. et al · 2018
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Titans of the early Universe: The Prato statement on the origin of the first supermassive black holes
Woods, T. E. et al · 2019
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A Luminous Quasar at Redshift 7.642
Wang, F. et al · 2021
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The origins of massive black holes
Volonteri, M., Habouzit, M. & Colpi, M · 2021
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The synchrony of production and escape: half the bright Ly α \alpha emitters at z ≈ \approx 2 have Lyman continuum escape fractions ≈ \approx 50 per cent
Naidu, R. P. et al · 2022
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RUBIES Reveals a Massive Quiescent Galaxy at z=7.3
Weibel, A. et al · 2024
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Silencing the Giant: Evidence of Active Galactic Nucleus Feedback and Quenching in a Little Red Dot at z = 4.13
Kokorev, V. et al · 2024
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Between the Extremes: A JWST Spectroscopic Benchmark for High Redshift Galaxies Using ~
Roberts-Borsani, G. et al · 2024
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A recently quenched galaxy 700 million years after the Big Bang
Looser, T. J. et al · 2024
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Witten, C. et al · 2024
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Bezanson, R. et al · 2022
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An Extremely Compact, Low-mass Galaxy on its Way to Quiescence at z = 5.2
Strait, V. et al · 2023
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A SPectroscopic Survey of Biased Halos in the Reionization Era (ASPIRE): A First Look at the Rest-frame Optical Spectra of z ¿ 6.5 Quasars Using JWST
Yang, J. et al · 2023
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The 2023 Release of Cloudy
Chatzikos, M. et al · 2023
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An Atlas of Color-selected Quiescent Galaxies at z ¿ 3 in Public JWST Fields
Valentino, F. et al · 2023
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msaexp: NIRSpec analyis tools (2023)
Brammer, G · 2023
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pysersic: A Python package for determining galaxy structural properties via Bayesian inference, accelerated with jax
Pasha, I. & Miller, T. B · 2023
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Baggen, J. F. W. et al · 2024
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UNCOVER: 404 Error – Models Not Found for the Triply Imaged Little Red Dot A2744-QSO1
Ma, Y. et al · 2024
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JADES - the Rosetta stone of JWST-discovered AGN: deciphering the intriguing nature of early AGN
Juodžbalis, I. et al · 2024
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EIGER. V. Characterizing the Host Galaxies of Luminous Quasars at z ≳ \gtrsim 6
Yue, M. et al · 2024
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The Galaxies Missed by Hubble and ALMA: The Contribution of Extremely Red Galaxies to the Cosmic Census at 3 ¡ z ¡ 8
Williams, C. C. et al · 2024
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Naidu, R. P. et al · 2024
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Matthee, J. et al · 2024
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Maiolino, R. et al · 2024
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Heintz, K. E. et al · 2024
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Ionised gas kinematics and dynamical masses of z ≳ \gtrsim 6 galaxies from JADES/NIRSpec high-resolution spectroscopy
de Graaff, A. et al · 2024
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Wang, B. et al · 2024
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FORGE’d in FIRE II: The Formation of Magnetically-Dominated Quasar Accretion Disks from Cosmological Initial Conditions
Hopkins, P. F. et al · 2024
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Towards a complete census of luminous Compton-thick active galactic nuclei in the Local Universe
Akylas, A., Georgantopoulos, I., Gandhi, P., Boorman, P. & Greenwell, C. L · 2024
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Mildly Super-Eddington Accretion onto Slowly Spinning Black Holes Explains the X-Ray Weakness of the Little Red Dots
Pacucci, F. & Narayan, R · 2024
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Medium Bands, Mega Science: a JWST/NIRCam Medium-Band Imaging Survey of Abell 2744
Suess, K. A. et al · 2024
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The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Reverberation Mapping Project: Key Results
Shen, Y. et al · 2024
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RUBIES: a complete census of the bright and red distant Universe with JWST/NIRSpec
de Graaff, A. et al · 2024
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Ji, X. et al · 2025
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UNCOVER: Candidate Red Active Galactic Nuclei at 3 ¡ z ¡ 7 with JWST and ALMA
Labbe, I. et al · 2025
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Furtak, L. J. et al · 2025
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Puskás, D. et al · 2025
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Little Red Dots are Tidal Disruption Events in Runaway-Collapsing Clusters
Bellovary, J · 2025
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A confirmed deficit of hot and cold dust emission in the most luminous Little Red Dots
Setton, D. J. et al · 2025
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No [CII] or dust detection in two Little Red Dots at z spec ¿ 7
Xiao, M. et al · 2025
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Exploring active galactic nuclei and little red dots with the Obelisk simulation
Volonteri, M. et al · 2025
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