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Scientific research demands sophisticated reasoning over multimodal data, a challenge especially prevalent in biology.
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A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing. A Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
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Biology in bloom: implementing bloom’s taxonomy to enhance student learning in biology
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Abduction, 2011
Igor Douven · 2011
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The cancer imaging archive (tcia): maintaining and operating a public information repository
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Developing, analyzing, and using distractors for multiple-choice tests in education: A comprehensive review
Mark J Gierl, Okan Bulut, Qi Guo, and Xinxin Zhang · 2017
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Making the v in vqa matter: Elevating the role of image understanding in visual question answering
Yash Goyal, Tejas Khot, Douglas Summers-Stay, Dhruv Batra, and Devi Parikh · 2017
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A subcellular map of the human proteome
Peter J Thul, Lovisa Åkesson, Mikaela Wiking, Diana Mahdessian, Aikaterini Geladaki, Hammou Ait Blal, Tove Alm, Anna Asplund, Lars Björk, Lisa M Breckels, et al · 2017
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Climbing bloom’s taxonomy pyramid: Lessons from a graduate histology course
Nikki B Zaidi, Charles Hwang, Sara Scott, Stefanie Stallard, Joel Purkiss, and Michael Hortsch · 2017
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Abductive commonsense reasoning
Chandra Bhagavatula, Ronan Le Bras, Chaitanya Malaviya, Keisuke Sakaguchi, Ari Holtzman, Hannah Rashkin, Doug Downey, Scott Wen-tau Yih, and Yejin Choi · 2019
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Gqa: A new dataset for real-world visual reasoning and compositional question answering
Drew A Hudson and Christopher D Manning · 2019
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Pubmedqa: A dataset for biomedical research question answering
Qiao Jin, Bhuwan Dhingra, Zhengping Liu, William W Cohen, and Xinghua Lu · 2019
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Ok-vqa: A visual question answering benchmark requiring external knowledge
Kenneth Marino, Mohammad Rastegari, Ali Farhadi, and Roozbeh Mottaghi · 2019
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From recognition to cognition: Visual commonsense reasoning
Rowan Zellers, Yonatan Bisk, Ali Farhadi, and Yejin Choi · 2019
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Raven: A dataset for relational and analogical visual reasoning
Chi Zhang, Feng Gao, Baoxiong Jia, Yixin Zhu, and Song-Chun Zhu · 2019
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Pathvqa: 30000+ questions for medical visual question answering
Xuehai He, Yichen Zhang, Luntian Mou, Eric Xing, and Pengtao Xie · 2020
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Nbme item-writing guide: Constructing written test questions for the health sciences, 2021
Billings Melissa S, DeRuchie Kristine, Hussie Kieran, Kulesher Allison, Merrell Jacquelyn, Morales Amy, Paniagua Miguel A, Sherlock Jennifer, Swygert Kimberly, and Tyson Julie · 2021
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Flamingo: a visual language model for few-shot learning
Jean-Baptiste Alayrac, Jeff Donahue, Pauline Luc, Antoine Miech, Iain Barr, Yana Hasson, Karel Lenc, Arthur Mensch, Katherine Millican, Malcolm Reynolds, et al · 2022
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Opencell: Endogenous tagging for the cartography of human cellular organization
Nathan H Cho, Keith C Cheveralls, Andreas-David Brunner, Kibeom Kim, André C Michaelis, Preethi Raghavan, Hirofumi Kobayashi, Laura Savy, Jason Y Li, Hera Canaj, et al · 2022
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The abduction of sherlock holmes: A dataset for visual abductive reasoning
Jack Hessel, Jena D Hwang, Jae Sung Park, Rowan Zellers, Chandra Bhagavatula, Anna Rohrbach, Kate Saenko, and Yejin Choi · 2022
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Demonstrate-search-predict: Composing retrieval and language models for knowledge-intensive NLP
Omar Khattab, Keshav Santhanam, Xiang Lisa Li, David Hall, Percy Liang, Christopher Potts, and Matei Zaharia · 2022
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Learn to explain: Multimodal reasoning via thought chains for science question answering
Pan Lu, Swaroop Mishra, Tanglin Xia, Liang Qiu, Kai-Wei Chang, Song-Chun Zhu, Oyvind Tafjord, Peter Clark, and Ashwin Kalyan · 2022
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Winoground: Probing vision and language models for visio-linguistic compositionality
Tristan Thrush, Ryan Jiang, Max Bartolo, Amanpreet Singh, Adina Williams, Douwe Kiela, and Candace Ross · 2022
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Josh Achiam, Steven Adler, Sandhini Agarwal, Lama Ahmad, Ilge Akkaya, Florencia Leoni Aleman, Diogo Almeida, Janko Altenschmidt, Sam Altman, Shyamal Anadkat, et al · 2023
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Semere Kiros Bitew, Johannes Deleu, Chris Develder, and Thomas Demeester · 2023
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Autonomous chemical research with large language models
Daniil A Boiko, Robert MacKnight, Ben Kline, and Gabe Gomes · 2023
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Smart microscopes of the future
Anne E Carpenter, Beth A Cimini, and Kevin W Eliceiri · 2023
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Mme: A comprehensive evaluation benchmark for multimodal large language models
Chaoyou Fu, Peixian Chen, Yunhang Shen, Yulei Qin, Mengdan Zhang, Xu Lin, Jinrui Yang, Xiawu Zheng, Ke Li, Xing Sun, et al · 2023
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A computational inflection for scientific discovery
Tom Hope, Doug Downey, Daniel S Weld, Oren Etzioni, and Eric Horvitz · 2023
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Dspy: Compiling declarative language model calls into self-improving pipelines
Omar Khattab, Arnav Singhvi, Paridhi Maheshwari, Zhiyuan Zhang, Keshav Santhanam, Sri Vardhamanan, Saiful Haq, Ashutosh Sharma, Thomas T. Joshi, Hanna Moazam, Heather Miller, Matei Zaharia, and Christopher Potts · 2023
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Scigraphqa: A large-scale synthetic multi-turn question-answering dataset for scientific graphs
Shengzhi Li and Nima Tajbakhsh · 2023
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Mathvista: Evaluating mathematical reasoning of foundation models in visual contexts
Pan Lu, Hritik Bansal, Tony Xia, Jiacheng Liu, Chunyuan Li, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Hao Cheng, Kai-Wei Chang, Michel Galley, and Jianfeng Gao · 2023
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Vila: On pre-training for visual language models
Ji Lin, Hongxu Yin, Wei Ping, Pavlo Molchanov, Mohammad Shoeybi, and Song Han · 2024
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Visual instruction tuning
Haotian Liu, Chunyuan Li, Qingyang Wu, and Yong Jae Lee · 2024
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Micro-bench: A microscopy benchmark for vision-language understanding
Alejandro Lozano, Jeffrey Nirschl, James Burgess, Sanket Rajan Gupte, Yuhui Zhang, Alyssa Unell, and Serena Yeung · 2024
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”a multimodal generative AI copilot for human pathology”
Ming Y ”Lu, Bowen Chen, Drew F K Williamson, Richard J Chen, Melissa Zhao, Aaron K Chow, Kenji Ikemura, Ahrong Kim, Dimitra Pouli, Ankush Patel, Amr Soliman, Chengkuan Chen, Tong Ding, Judy J Wang, Georg Gerber, Ivy Liang, Long Phi Le, Anil V Parwani, Luca L Weishaupt, and Faisal” Mahmood · 2024
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Augmenting large language models with chemistry tools
Andres M. Bran, Sam Cox, Oliver Schilter, Carlo Baldassari, Andrew D White, and Philippe Schwaller · 2024
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alphaXiv searches the wider corpus for related work and actual follow-ups.
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Michael Moor, Oishi Banerjee, Zahra Shakeri Hossein Abad, Harlan M Krumholz, Jure Leskovec, Eric J Topol, and Pranav Rajpurkar · 2023
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Gpqa: A graduate-level google-proof q&a benchmark
David Rein, Betty Li Hou, Asa Cooper Stickland, Jackson Petty, Richard Yuanzhe Pang, Julien Dirani, Julian Michael, and Samuel R Bowman · 2023
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Gemini: a family of highly capable multimodal models
Gemini Team, Rohan Anil, Sebastian Borgeaud, Yonghui Wu, Jean-Baptiste Alayrac, Jiahui Yu, Radu Soricut, Johan Schalkwyk, Andrew M Dai, Anja Hauth, et al · 2023
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Chatgpt, bard, and large language models for biomedical research: opportunities and pitfalls
Surendrabikram Thapa and Surabhi Adhikari · 2023
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Integrated intracellular organization and its variations in human ips cells
Matheus P Viana, Jianxu Chen, Theo A Knijnenburg, Ritvik Vasan, Calysta Yan, Joy E Arakaki, Matte Bailey, Ben Berry, Antoine Borensztejn, Eva M Brown, et al · 2023
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Scibench: Evaluating college-level scientific problem-solving abilities of large language models
Xiaoxuan Wang, Ziniu Hu, Pan Lu, Yanqiao Zhu, Jieyu Zhang, Satyen Subramaniam, Arjun R Loomba, Shichang Zhang, Yizhou Sun, and Wei Wang · 2023
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Large language models as master key: unlocking the secrets of materials science with gpt
Tong Xie, Yuwei Wan, Wei Huang, Yufei Zhou, Yixuan Liu, Qingyuan Linghu, Shaozhou Wang, Chunyu Kit, Clara Grazian, Wenjie Zhang, et al · 2023
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Sheng Zhang, Yanbo Xu, Naoto Usuyama, Hanwen Xu, Jaspreet Bagga, Robert Tinn, Sam Preston, Rajesh Rao, Mu Wei, Naveen Valluri, et al · 2023
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M Maruf, Arka Daw, Kazi Sajeed Mehrab, Harish Babu Manogaran, Abhilash Neog, Medha Sawhney, Mridul Khurana, James P Balhoff, Yasin Bakis, Bahadir Altintas, et al · 2024
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Are large language models superhuman chemists?
Adrian Mirza, Nawaf Alampara, Sreekanth Kunchapu, Benedict Emoekabu, Aswanth Krishnan, Mara Wilhelmi, Macjonathan Okereke, Juliane Eberhardt, Amir Mohammad Elahi, Maximilian Greiner, et al · 2024
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Aviary: training language agents on challenging scientific tasks
Siddharth Narayanan, James D Braza, Ryan-Rhys Griffiths, Manu Ponnapati, Albert Bou, Jon Laurent, Ori Kabeli, Geemi Wellawatte, Sam Cox, Samuel G Rodriques, et al · 2024
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Spiqa: A dataset for multimodal question answering on scientific papers
Shraman Pramanick, Rama Chellappa, and Subhashini Venugopalan · 2024
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Omega—harnessing the power of large language models for bioimage analysis
Loïc A Royer · 2024
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Capabilities of gemini models in medicine
Khaled Saab, Tao Tu, Wei-Hung Weng, Ryutaro Tanno, David Stutz, Ellery Wulczyn, Fan Zhang, Tim Strother, Chunjong Park, Elahe Vedadi, et al · 2024
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Language agents achieve superhuman synthesis of scientific knowledge
Michael D Skarlinski, Sam Cox, Jon M Laurent, James D Braza, Michaela Hinks, Michael J Hammerling, Manvitha Ponnapati, Samuel G Rodriques, and Andrew D White · 2024
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Scieval: A multi-level large language model evaluation benchmark for scientific research
Liangtai Sun, Yang Han, Zihan Zhao, Da Ma, Zhennan Shen, Baocai Chen, Lu Chen, and Kai Yu · 2024
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The virtual lab: Ai agents design new sars-cov-2 nanobodies with experimental validation
Kyle Swanson, Wesley Wu, Nash L Bulaong, John E Pak, and James Zou · 2024
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Scicode: A research coding benchmark curated by scientists
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Cambrian-1: A fully open, vision-centric exploration of multimodal llms
Shengbang Tong, Ellis Brown, Penghao Wu, Sanghyun Woo, Manoj Middepogu, Sai Charitha Akula, Jihan Yang, Shusheng Yang, Adithya Iyer, Xichen Pan, et al · 2024
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Towards generalist biomedical ai
Tao Tu, Shekoofeh Azizi, Danny Driess, Mike Schaekermann, Mohamed Amin, Pi-Chuan Chang, Andrew Carroll, Charles Lau, Ryutaro Tanno, Ira Ktena, et al · 2024
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Sciriff: A resource to enhance language model instruction-following over scientific literature
David Wadden, Kejian Shi, Jacob Morrison, Aakanksha Naik, Shruti Singh, Nitzan Barzilay, Kyle Lo, Tom Hope, Luca Soldaini, Shannon Zejiang Shen, et al · 2024
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Kaining Ying, Fanqing Meng, Jin Wang, Zhiqian Li, Han Lin, Yue Yang, Hao Zhang, Wenbo Zhang, Yuqi Lin, Shuo Liu, et al · 2024
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A generalist vision–language foundation model for diverse biomedical tasks
Kai Zhang, Rong Zhou, Eashan Adhikarla, Zhiling Yan, Yixin Liu, Jun Yu, Zhengliang Liu, Xun Chen, Brian D Davison, Hui Ren, et al · 2024
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Cardbiomedbench: A benchmark for evaluating large language model performance in biomedical research
Owen Bianchi, Maya Willey, Chelsea X Alvarado, Benjamin Danek, Marzieh Khani, Nicole Kuznetsov, Anant Dadu, Syed Shah, Mathew J Koretsky, Mary B Makarious, et al · 2025
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Global organelle profiling reveals subcellular localization and remodeling at proteome scale
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Biomaze: Benchmarking and enhancing large language models for biological pathway reasoning
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