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Recent advancements in post-training methodologies for large language models (LLMs) have highlighted reinforcement learning (RL) as a critical component for enhancing reasoning.
The bitter lesson
Richard Sutton · 2019
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Trl: Transformer reinforcement learning
Leandro von Werra, Younes Belkada, Lewis Tunstall, Edward Beeching, Tristan Thrush, Nathan Lambert, Shengyi Huang, Kashif Rasul, and Quentin Gallouédec · 2020
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Training verifiers to solve math word problems
Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian, Mark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias Plappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro Nakano, et al · 2021
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Measuring mathematical problem solving with the math dataset
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Saurav Kadavath, Akul Arora, Steven Basart, Eric Tang, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt · 2021
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Large language models are zero-shot reasoners
Takeshi Kojima, Shixiang Shane Gu, Machel Reid, Yutaka Matsuo, and Yusuke Iwasawa · 2022
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Efficient memory management for large language model serving with pagedattention
Woosuk Kwon, Zhuohan Li, Siyuan Zhuang, Ying Sheng, Lianmin Zheng, Cody Hao Yu, Joseph E. Gonzalez, Hao Zhang, and Ion Stoica · 2023
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Let’s verify step by step
Hunter Lightman, Vineet Kosaraju, Yuri Burda, Harrison Edwards, Bowen Baker, Teddy Lee, Jan Leike, John Schulman, Ilya Sutskever, and Karl Cobbe · 2023
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Direct preference optimization: Your language model is secretly a reward model
Rafael Rafailov, Archit Sharma, Eric Mitchell, Christopher D Manning, Stefano Ermon, and Chelsea Finn · 2023
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Beyond human data: Scaling self-training for problem-solving with language models
Avi Singh, John D Co-Reyes, Rishabh Agarwal, Ankesh Anand, Piyush Patil, Xavier Garcia, Peter J Liu, James Harrison, Jaehoon Lee, Kelvin Xu, et al · 2023
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Self-consistency improves chain of thought reasoning in language models
Xuezhi Wang, Jason Wei, Dale Schuurmans, Quoc V Le, Ed H Chi, Sharan Narang, Aakanksha Chowdhery, and Denny Zhou · 2023
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Evaluating the performance of large language models on gaokao benchmark
Xiaotian Zhang, Chunyang Li, Yi Zong, Zhengyu Ying, Liang He, and Xipeng Qiu · 2023
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The claude 3 model family: Opus, sonnet, haiku
Anthropic · 2024
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A general theoretical paradigm to understand learning from human preferences
Mohammad Gheshlaghi Azar, Zhaohan Daniel Guo, Bilal Piot, Remi Munos, Mark Rowland, Michal Valko, and Daniele Calandriello · 2024
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Aya expanse: Combining research breakthroughs for a new multilingual frontier
John Dang, Shivalika Singh, Daniel D’souza, Arash Ahmadian, Alejandro Salamanca, Madeline Smith, Aidan Peppin, Sungjin Hong, Manoj Govindassamy, Terrence Zhao, et al · 2024
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Flow-dpo: Improving llm mathematical reasoning through online multi-agent learning
Yihe Deng and Paul Mineiro · 2024
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Kto: Model alignment as prospect theoretic optimization
Kawin Ethayarajh, Winnie Xu, Niklas Muennighoff, Dan Jurafsky, and Douwe Kiela · 2024
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Bofei Gao, Zefan Cai, Runxin Xu, Peiyi Wang, Ce Zheng, Runji Lin, Keming Lu, Dayiheng Liu, Chang Zhou, Wen Xiao, et al · 2024
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Aaron Grattafiori, Abhimanyu Dubey, Abhinav Jauhri, Abhinav Pandey, Abhishek Kadian, Ahmad Al-Dahle, Aiesha Letman, Akhil Mathur, Alan Schelten, Alex Vaughan, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Olympiadbench: A challenging benchmark for promoting agi with olympiad-level bilingual multimodal scientific problems
Chaoqun He, Renjie Luo, Yuzhuo Bai, Shengding Hu, Zhen Leng Thai, Junhao Shen, Jinyi Hu, Xu Han, Yujie Huang, Yuxiang Zhang, et al · 2024
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Performance metrics for multilabel emotion classification: comparing micro, macro, and weighted f1-scores
Maria Cristina Hinojosa Lee, Johan Braet, and Johan Springael · 2024
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Openrlhf: An easy-to-use, scalable and high-performance rlhf framework
Jian Hu, Xibin Wu, Zilin Zhu, Weixun Wang, Dehao Zhang, Yu Cao, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Large language models cannot self-correct reasoning yet
Stop summation: Min-form credit assignment is all process reward model needs for reasoning
Jie Cheng, Ruixi Qiao, Lijun Li, Chao Guo, Junle Wang, Gang Xiong, Yisheng Lv, and Fei-Yue Wang · 2025
Closest in time.
Process reinforcement through implicit rewards
Ganqu Cui, Lifan Yuan, Zefan Wang, Hanbin Wang, Wendi Li, Bingxiang He, Yuchen Fan, Tianyu Yu, Qixin Xu, Weize Chen, et al · 2025
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Cognitive behaviors that enable self-improving reasoners, or, four habits of highly effective stars
Kanishk Gandhi, Ayush Chakravarthy, Anikait Singh, Nathan Lile, and Noah D Goodman · 2025
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rstar-math: Small llms can master math reasoning with self-evolved deep thinking
Xinyu Guan, Li Lyna Zhang, Yifei Liu, Ning Shang, Youran Sun, Yi Zhu, Fan Yang, and Mao Yang · 2025
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Jie Huang, Xinyun Chen, Swaroop Mishra, Huaixiu Steven Zheng, Adams Wei Yu, Xinying Song, and Denny Zhou · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Aaron Hurst, Adam Lerer, Adam P Goucher, Adam Perelman, Aditya Ramesh, Aidan Clark, AJ Ostrow, Akila Welihinda, Alan Hayes, Alec Radford, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Aaron Jaech, Adam Kalai, Adam Lerer, Adam Richardson, Ahmed El-Kishky, Aiden Low, Alec Helyar, Aleksander Madry, Alex Beutel, Alex Carney, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Llm critics help catch llm bugs
Nat McAleese, Rai Michael Pokorny, Juan Felipe Ceron Uribe, Evgenia Nitishinskaya, Maja Trebacz, and Jan Leike · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Iterative reasoning preference optimization
Richard Yuanzhe Pang, Weizhe Yuan, He He, Kyunghyun Cho, Sainbayar Sukhbaatar, and Jason Weston · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Deepseekmath: Pushing the limits of mathematical reasoning in open language models
Zhihong Shao, Peiyi Wang, Qihao Zhu, Runxin Xu, Junxiao Song, Xiao Bi, Haowei Zhang, Mingchuan Zhang, YK Li, Y Wu, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Reft: Reasoning with reinforced fine-tuning
Luong Trung, Xinbo Zhang, Zhanming Jie, Peng Sun, Xiaoran Jin, and Hang Li · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Llms cannot find reasoning errors, but can correct them given the error location
Gladys Tyen, Hassan Mansoor, Victor Cărbune, Yuanzhu Peter Chen, and Tony Mak · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Daya Guo, Dejian Yang, Haowei Zhang, Junxiao Song, Ruoyu Zhang, Runxin Xu, Qihao Zhu, Shirong Ma, Peiyi Wang, Xiao Bi, et al · 2025
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Llm post-training: A deep dive into reasoning large language models
Komal Kumar, Tajamul Ashraf, Omkar Thawakar, Rao Muhammad Anwer, Hisham Cholakkal, Mubarak Shah, Ming-Hsuan Yang, Phillip HS Torr, Salman Khan, and Fahad Shahbaz Khan · 2025
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Light-r1: Curriculum sft, dpo and rl for long cot from scratch and beyond, 2025
Fenrui Xiao Xin He Qi An Zhenyu Duan Yimin Du Junchen Liu Lifu Tang Xiaowei Lv Haosheng Zou Yongchao Deng Shousheng Jia Xiangzheng Zhang Liang Wen, Yunke Cai · 2025
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Deepscaler: Surpassing o1-preview with a 1.5b model by scaling rl, 2025
Michael Luo, Sijun Tan, Justin Wong, Xiaoxiang Shi, William Y. Tang, Manan Roongta, Colin Cai, Jeffrey Luo, Tianjun Zhang, Li Erran Li, Raluca Ada Popa, and Ion Stoica · 2025
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Niklas Muennighoff, Zitong Yang, Weijia Shi, Xiang Lisa Li, Li Fei-Fei, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Luke Zettlemoyer, Percy Liang, Emmanuel Candès, and Tatsunori Hashimoto · 2025
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All roads lead to likelihood: The value of reinforcement learning in fine-tuning
Gokul Swamy, Sanjiban Choudhury, Wen Sun, Zhiwei Steven Wu, and J Andrew Bagnell · 2025
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Critique fine-tuning: Learning to critique is more effective than learning to imitate
Yubo Wang, Xiang Yue, and Wenhu Chen · 2025
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The rise and potential of large language model based agents: A survey
Zhiheng Xi, Wenxiang Chen, Xin Guo, Wei He, Yiwen Ding, Boyang Hong, Ming Zhang, Junzhe Wang, Senjie Jin, Enyu Zhou, et al · 2025
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Logic-rl: Unleashing llm reasoning with rule-based reinforcement learning
Tian Xie, Zitian Gao, Qingnan Ren, Haoming Luo, Yuqian Hong, Bryan Dai, Joey Zhou, Kai Qiu, Zhirong Wu, and Chong Luo · 2025
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Limo: Less is more for reasoning
Yixin Ye, Zhen Huang, Yang Xiao, Ethan Chern, Shijie Xia, and Pengfei Liu · 2025
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Demystifying long chain-of-thought reasoning in llms
Edward Yeo, Yuxuan Tong, Morry Niu, Graham Neubig, and Xiang Yue · 2025
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Online preference-based reinforcement learning with self-augmented feedback from large language model
Songjun Tu, Jingbo Sun, Qichao Zhang, Xiangyuan Lan, and Dongbin Zhao · 2077
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