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Recent advances in operating system (OS) agents have enabled vision-language models (VLMs) to directly control a user's computer.
An overview of the Tesseract OCR engine
Ray Smith · 2007
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Intriguing properties of neural networks
Christian Szegedy, Wojciech Zaremba, Ilya Sutskever, Joan Bruna, Dumitru Erhan, Ian Goodfellow, and Rob Fergus · 2014
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Explaining and harnessing adversarial examples
Ian J. Goodfellow, Jonathon Shlens, and Christian Szegedy · 2015
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Adam: A method for stochastic optimization
Diederik P. Kingma and Jimmy Ba · 2015
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Adversarial examples in the physical world
Alexey Kurakin, Ian Goodfellow, and Samy Bengio · 2016
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Adversarial examples are not easily detected: Bypassing ten detection methods
Nicholas Carlini and David A. Wagner · 2017
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Attention is all you need
Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N Gomez, Łukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin · 2017
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Obfuscated gradients give a false sense of security: Circumventing defenses to adversarial examples
Anish Athalye, Nicholas Carlini, and David Wagner · 2018
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Towards deep learning models resistant to adversarial attacks
Aleksander Madry, Aleksandar Makelov, Ludwig Schmidt, Dimitris Tsipras, and Adrian Vladu · 2018
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Reliable evaluation of adversarial robustness with an ensemble of diverse parameter-free attacks
Francesco Croce and Matthias Hein · 2020
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Improving image captioning with better use of captions
Zhan Shi, Xu Zhou, Xipeng Qiu, and Xiaodan Zhu · 2020
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Invisible for both camera and LiDAR: Security of multi-sensor fusion based perception in autonomous driving under physical-world attacks
Yulong Cao, Ningfei Wang, Chaowei Xiao, Dawei Yang, Jin Fang, Ruigang Yang, Qi Alfred Chen, Mingyan Liu, and Bo Li · 2021
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A survey on adversarial attacks and defences
Anirban Chakraborty, Manaar Alam, Vishal Dey, Anupam Chattopadhyay, and Debdeep Mukhopadhyay · 2021
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Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback
Long Ouyang, Jeffrey Wu, Xu Jiang, Diogo Almeida, Carroll L. Wainwright, Pamela Mishkin, Chong Zhang, Sandhini Agarwal, Katarina Slama, Alex Ray, John Schulman, Jacob Hilton, Fraser Kelton, Luke Miller, Maddie Simens, Amanda Askell, Peter Welinder, Paul F. Christiano, Jan Leike, and Ryan Lowe · 2022
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Towards adversarial attack on vision-language pre-training models
Jiaming Zhang, Qi Yi, and Jitao Sang · 2022
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Gemini: A family of highly capable multimodal models
Gemini Team · 2023
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Bangyan He, Xiaojun Jia, Siyuan Liang, Tianrui Lou, Yang Liu, and Xiaochun Cao · 2023
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A reading survey on adversarial machine learning: Adversarial attacks and their understanding
Shashank Kotyan · 2023
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Set-level guidance attack: Boosting adversarial transferability of vision-language pre-training models
Dong Lu, Zhiqiang Wang, Teng Wang, Weili Guan, Hongchang Gao, and Feng Zheng · 2023
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gpt-engineer, 2023
Anton Osika et al · 2023
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Calibrated interpretation: Confidence estimation in semantic parsing
Elias Stengel-Eskin and Benjamin Van Durme · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Set-of-Mark prompting unleashes extraordinary visual grounding in GPT-4V
Jianwei Yang, Hao Zhang, Feng Li, Xueyan Zou, Chunyuan Li, and Jianfeng Gao · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
On evaluating adversarial robustness of large vision-language models
Yunqing Zhao, Tianyu Pang, Chao Du, Xiao Yang, Chongxuan Li, Ngai-Man Cheung, and Min Lin · 2023
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Universal and transferable adversarial attacks on aligned language models
Andy Zou, Zifan Wang, Nicholas Carlini, Milad Nasr, J. Zico Kolter, and Matt Fredrikson · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Image hijacks: Adversarial images can control generative models at runtime
Luke Bailey, Euan Ong, Stuart Russell, and Scott Emmons · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Robust CLIP: Unsupervised adversarial fine-tuning of vision embeddings for robust large vision-language models
Christian Schlarmann, Naman Deep Singh, Francesco Croce, and Matthias Hein · 2024
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Tony T. Wang, John Hughes, Henry Sleight, Rylan Schaeffer, Rajashree Agrawal, Fazl Barez, Mrinank Sharma, Jesse Mu, Nir Shavit, and Ethan Perez · 2024
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OSWorld: Benchmarking multimodal agents for open-ended tasks in real computer environments
Tianbao Xie, Danyang Zhang, Jixuan Chen, Xiaochuan Li, Siheng Zhao, Ruisheng Cao, Toh Jing Hua, Zhoujun Cheng, Dongchan Shin, Fangyu Lei, Yitao Liu, Yiheng Xu, Shuyan Zhou, Silvio Savarese, Caiming Xiong, Victor Zhong, and Tao Yu · 2024
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Enhancing transferable adversarial attacks on vision transformers through gradient normalization scaling and high-frequency adaptation
Zhiyu Zhu, Xinyi Wang, Zhibo Jin, Jiayu Zhang, and Huaming Chen · 2024
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AgentPoison: Red-teaming LLM agents via poisoning memory or knowledge bases
Zhaorun Chen, Zhen Xiang, Chaowei Xiao, Dawn Song, and Bo Li · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
How deep learning sees the world: A survey on adversarial attacks & defenses
Joana Cabral Costa, Tiago Roxo, Hugo Proença, and Pedro Ricardo M. Inácio · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
On the robustness of large multimodal models against image adversarial attacks
Xuanming Cui, Alejandro Aparcedo, Young Kyun Jang, and Ser-Nam Lim · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
AgentDojo: A dynamic environment to evaluate prompt injection attacks and defenses for LLM agents
Edoardo Debenedetti, Jie Zhang, Mislav Balunović, Luca Beurer-Kellner, Marc Fischer, and Florian Tramèr · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Adversarial attacks to multi-modal models
Zhihao Dou, Xin Hu, Haibo Yang, Zhuqing Liu, and Minghong Fang · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Imprompter: Tricking LLM agents into improper tool use
Xiaohan Fu, Shuheng Li, Zihan Wang, Yihao Liu, Rajesh K. Gupta, Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick, and Earlence Fernandes · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Aaron Grattafiori, Abhimanyu Dubey, Abhinav Jauhri, Abhinav Pandey, Abhishek Kadian, Ahmad Al-Dahle, Aiesha Letman, Akhil Mathur, Alan Schelten, Alex Vaughan, Amy Yang, Angela Fan, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
AgentHarm: A benchmark for measuring harmfulness of LLM agents
Maksym Andriushchenko, Alexandra Souly, Mateusz Dziemian, Derek Duenas, Maxwell Lin, Justin Wang, Dan Hendrycks, Andy Zou, J. Zico Kolter, Matt Fredrikson, Yarin Gal, and Xander Davies · 2025
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3.5 models and computer use, 2024
Anthropic · 2025
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Bluesky Social, 2025
Bluesky Social · 2025
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Windows Agent Arena: Evaluating multi-modal OS agents at scale
Rogerio Bonatti, Dan Zhao, Francesco Bonacci, Dillon Dupont, Sara Abdali, Yinheng Li, Yadong Lu, Justin Wagle, Kazuhito Koishida, Arthur Bucker, Lawrence Keunho Jang, and Zheng Hui · 2025
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Jailbreaking black box large language models in twenty queries
Patrick Chao, Alexander Robey, Edgar Dobriban, Hamed Hassani, George J. Pappas, and Eric Wong · 2025
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Adversarial attacks on autonomous driving systems in the physical world: A survey
Lijun Chi, Mounira Msahli, Qingjie Zhang, Han Qiu, Tianwei Zhang, Gérard Memmi, and Meikang Qiu · 2025
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Shh, don’t say that! domain certification in LLMs
Cornelius Emde, Alasdair Paren, Preetham Arvind, Maxime Guillaume Kayser, Tom Rainforth, Thomas Lukasiewicz, Philip Torr, and Adel Bibi · 2025
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WASP: Benchmarking web agent security against prompt injection attacks
Ivan Evtimov, Arman Zharmagambetov, Aaron Grattafiori, Chuan Guo, and Kamalika Chaudhuri · 2025
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DALL·E 3
OpenAI · 2025
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ZombAIs: From prompt injection to C2 with Claude Computer Use
Johann Rehberger · 2025
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Failures to find transferable image jailbreaks between vision-language models
Rylan Schaeffer, Dan Valentine, Luke Bailey, James Chua, Cristóbal Eyzaguirre, Zane Durante, Joe Benton, Brando Miranda, Henry Sleight, Tony Tong Wang, John Hughes, Rajashree Agrawal, Mrinank Sharma, Scott Emmons, Sanmi Koyejo, and Ethan Perez · 2025
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ToolGen: Unified tool retrieval and calling via generation
Renxi Wang, Xudong Han, Lei Ji, Shu Wang, Timothy Baldwin, and Haonan Li · 2025
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Dissecting adversarial robustness of multimodal LM agents
Chen Henry Wu, Rishi Rajesh Shah, Jing Yu Koh, Russ Salakhutdinov, Daniel Fried, and Aditi Raghunathan · 2025
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Chain of attack: On the robustness of vision-language models against transfer-based adversarial attacks
Peng Xie, Yequan Bie, Jianda Mao, Yangqiu Song, Yang Wang, Hao Chen, and Kani Chen · 2025
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CRAB: Cross-environment agent benchmark for multimodal language model agents
Tianqi Xu, Linyao Chen, Dai-Jie Wu, Yanjun Chen, Zecheng Zhang, Xiang Yao, Zhiqiang Xie, Yongchao Chen, Shilong Liu, Bochen Qian, Anjie Yang, Zhaoxuan Jin, Jianbo Deng, Philip Torr, Bernard Ghanem, and Guohao Li · 2025
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