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Large language models (LLMs) exhibit strong reasoning abilities, often attributed to few-shot or zero-shot chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting.
Solving general arithmetic word problems
Subhro Roy and Dan Roth. 2015 · 2015
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Program induction by rationale generation: Learning to solve and explain algebraic word problems
Wang Ling, Dani Yogatama, Chris Dyer, and Phil Blunsom. 2017 · 2017
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Commonsenseqa: A question answering challenge targeting commonsense knowledge
Alon Talmor, Jonathan Herzig, Nicholas Lourie, and Jonathan Berant. 2019 · 2019
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Language models are few-shot learners
Tom B. Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Sandhini Agarwal, Ariel Herbert-Voss, Gretchen Krueger, Tom Henighan, Rewon Child, Aditya Ramesh, Daniel M. Ziegler, Jeffrey Wu, Clemens Winter, Christopher Hesse, Mark Chen, Eric Sigler, Mateusz Litwin, Scott Gray, Benjamin Chess, Jack Clark, Christopher Berner, Sam McCandlish, Alec Radford, Ilya Sutskever, and Dario Amodei. 2020 · 2020
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Training verifiers to solve math word problems
Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian, Mark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias Plappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro Nakano, Christopher Hesse, and John Schulman. 2021 · 2021
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Did aristotle use a laptop? a question answering benchmark with implicit reasoning strategies
Mor Geva, Daniel Khashabi, Elad Segal, Tushar Khot, Dan Roth, and Jonathan Berant. 2021 · 2021
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Finetuned language models are zero-shot learners
J. Wei, M. Bosma, V. Y. Zhao, K. Guu, A. W. Yu, B. Lester, N. Du, A. M. Dai, and Q. V. Le. 2021 · 2021
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Graph of thoughts: Solving elaborate problems with large language models
M. Besta, N. Blach, A. Kubicek, R. Gerstenberger, M. Podstawski, L. Gianinazzi, J. Gajda, T. Lehmann, H. Niewiadomski, P. Nyczyk, and T. Hoefler. 2023 · 2023
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Zero-shot approach to overcome perturbation sensitivity of prompts
Mohna Chakraborty, Adithya Kulkarni, and Qi Li. 2023 · 2023
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Self-refine: Iterative refinement with self-feedback
A. Madaan, N. Tandon, P. Gupta, S. Hallinan, L. Gao, S. Wiegreffe, U. Alon, N. Dziri, S. Prabhumoye, Y. Yang, S. Gupta, B. P. Majumder, K. Hermann, S. Welleck, A. Yazdanbakhsh, and P. Clark. 2023 · 2023
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Scaling llm test-time compute optimally can be more effective than scaling model parameters
C. Snell, J. Lee, K. Xu, and A. Kumar. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Challenging big-bench tasks and whether chain-of-thought can solve them
Mirac Suzgun, Nathan Scales, Nathanael Schärli, Sebastian Gehrmann, Yi Tay, Hyung Won Chung, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Quoc V. Le, Ed H. Chi, Denny Zhou, and Jason Wei. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Llama: Open and efficient foundation language models
Hugo Touvron, Thibaut Lavril, Gautier Izacard, Xavier Martinet, Marie-Anne Lachaux, Timothée Lacroix, Baptiste Rozière, Naman Goyal, Eric Hambro, Faisal Azhar, Aurelien Rodriguez, Armand Joulin, Edouard Grave, and Guillaume Lample. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Measuring mathematical problem solving with the math dataset
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Saurav Kadavath, Akul Arora, Steven Basart, Eric Tang, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt. 2021 · 2024
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Will LLMs sink or swim? exploring decision-making under pressure
Kyusik Kim, Hyeonseok Jeon, Jeongwoo Ryu, and Bongwon Suh. 2024 · 2024
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Symbolic chain-of-thought distillation: Small models can also "think" step-by-step
Liunian Harold Li, Jack Hessel, Youngjae Yu, Xiang Ren, Kai-Wei Chang, and Yejin Choi. 2024 · 2024
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Gemma: Open models based on gemini research and technology
Thomas Mesnard, Cassidy Hardin, Robert Dadashi, Surya Bhupatiraju, Shreya Pathak, Laurent Sifre, Morgane Rivière, Mihir Sanjay Kale, Juliette Love, Pouya Tafti, Léonard Hussenot, Pier Giuseppe Sessa, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Adam Roberts, Aditya Barua, Alex Botev, Alex Castro-Ros, Ambrose Slone, Amélie Héliou, Andrea Tacchetti, Anna Bulanova, Antonia Paterson, Beth Tsai, Bobak Shahriari, Charline Le Lan, Christopher A. Choquette-Choo, Clément Crepy, Daniel Cer, Daphne Ippolito, David Reid, Elena Buchatskaya, Eric Ni, Eric Noland, Geng Yan, George Tucker, George-Christian Muraru, Grigory Rozhdestvenskiy, Henryk Michalewski, Ian Tenney, Ivan Grishchenko, Jacob Austin, James Keeling, Jane Labanowski, Jean-Baptiste Lespiau, Jeff Stanway, Jenny Brennan, Jeremy Chen, Johan Ferret, Justin Chiu, Justin Mao-Jones, Katherine Lee, Kathy Yu, Katie Millican, Lars Lowe Sjoesund, Lisa Lee, Lucas Dixon, Machel Reid, Maciej Mikuła, Mateo Wirth, Michael Sharman, Nikolai Chinaev, Nithum Thain, Olivier Bachem, Oscar Chang, Oscar Wahltinez, Paige Bailey, Paul Michel, Petko Yotov, Rahma Chaabouni, Ramona Comanescu, Reena Jana, Rohan Anil, Ross McIlroy, Ruibo Liu, Ryan Mullins, Samuel L. Smith, Sebastian Borgeaud, Sertan Girgin, Sholto Douglas, Shree Pandya, Siamak Shakeri, Soham De, Ted Klimenko, Tom Hennigan, Vlad Feinberg, Wojciech Stokowiec, Yu-hui Chen, Zafarali Ahmed, Zhitao Gong, Tris Warkentin, Ludovic Peran, Minh Giang, Clément Farabet, Oriol Vinyals, Jeff Dean, Koray Kavukcuoglu, Demis Hassabis, Zoubin Ghahramani, Douglas Eck, et al. 2024 · 2024
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X. Wang and D. Zhou. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Tree of thoughts: Deliberate problem solving with large language models
S. Yao, D. Yu, J. Zhao, I. Shafran, T. L. Griffiths, Y. Cao, and K. Narasimhan. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Distilling system 2 into system 1
P. Yu, J. Xu, J. Weston, and I. Kulikov. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Universal self-consistency for large language model generation
Xinyun Chen, Renat Aksitov, Uri Alon, Jie Ren, Kefan Xiao, Pengcheng Yin, Sushant Prakash, Charles Sutton, Xuezhi Wang, and Denny Zhou. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Self-consistency improves chain-of-thought reasoning in language models
X. Wang, J. Wei, D. Schuurmans, Q. Le, E. H. Chi, S. Narang, A. Chowdhery, and D. Zhou. 2023a
Cited in the paper.
Thoughts are all over the place: On the underthinking of o1-like llms
Y. Wang, Q. Liu, J. Xu, T. Liang, X. Chen, Z. He, L. Song, D. Yu, J. Li, Z. Zhang, R. Wang, Z. Tu, H. Mi, and D. Yu. 2023b
Cited in the paper.
Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models
J. Wei, X. Wang, D. Schuurmans, M. Bosma, B. Ichter, F. Xia, E. H. Chi, Q. V. Le, and D. Zhou. 2022a
Cited in the paper.
Emergent abilities of large language models
Jason Wei, Yi Tay, Rishi Bommasani, Colin Raffel, Barret Zoph, Sebastian Borgeaud, Dani Yogatama, Maarten Bosma, Denny Zhou, Donald Metzler, Ed H. Chi, Tatsunori Hashimoto, Oriol Vinyals, Percy Liang, Jeff Dean, and William Fedus. 2022b
Cited in the paper.
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OpenAI O1 Mini: Advancing Cost-Efficient Reasoning
OpenAI. 2024 · 2024
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Mistral at SemEval-2024 task 5: Mistral 7B for argument reasoning in civil procedure
Marco Siino. 2024 · 2024
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The falcon 3 family of open models
Falcon-LLM Team. 2024 · 2024
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Niklas Muennighoff, Zitong Yang, Weijia Shi, Xiang Lisa Li, Li Fei-Fei, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Luke Zettlemoyer, Percy Liang, Emmanuel Candès, and Tatsunori Hashimoto. 2025 · 2025
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