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DeepSeek-R1-Zero has successfully demonstrated the emergence of reasoning capabilities in LLMs purely through Reinforcement Learning (RL).
Vqa: Visual question answering
Stanislaw Antol, Aishwarya Agrawal, Jiasen Lu, Margaret Mitchell, Dhruv Batra, C Lawrence Zitnick, and Devi Parikh · 2015
Earlier work this paper cites.
Solving geometry problems: Combining text and diagram interpretation
Minjoon Seo, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Ali Farhadi, Oren Etzioni, and Clint Malcolm · 2015
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A diagram is worth a dozen images
Aniruddha Kembhavi, Mike Salvato, Eric Kolve, Minjoon Seo, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, and Ali Farhadi · 2016
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Making the v in vqa matter: Elevating the role of image understanding in visual question answering
Yash Goyal, Tejas Khot, Douglas Summers-Stay, Dhruv Batra, and Devi Parikh · 2017
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Clevr: A diagnostic dataset for compositional language and elementary visual reasoning
Justin Johnson, Bharath Hariharan, Laurens Van Der Maaten, Li Fei-Fei, C Lawrence Zitnick, and Ross Girshick · 2017
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Figureqa: An annotated figure dataset for visual reasoning
Samira Ebrahimi Kahou, Vincent Michalski, Adam Atkinson, Ákos Kádár, Adam Trischler, and Yoshua Bengio · 2017
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Are you smarter than a sixth grader? textbook question answering for multimodal machine comprehension
Aniruddha Kembhavi, Minjoon Seo, Dustin Schwenk, Jonghyun Choi, Ali Farhadi, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi · 2017
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Dual-glance model for deciphering social relationships
Junnan Li, Yongkang Wong, Qi Zhao, and Mohan S Kankanhalli · 2017
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Proximal policy optimization algorithms
John Schulman, Filip Wolski, Prafulla Dhariwal, Alec Radford, and Oleg Klimov · 2017
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Vizwiz grand challenge: Answering visual questions from blind people
Danna Gurari, Qing Li, Abigale J Stangl, Anhong Guo, Chi Lin, Kristen Grauman, Jiebo Luo, and Jeffrey P Bigham · 2018
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Dvqa: Understanding data visualizations via question answering
Kushal Kafle, Brian Price, Scott Cohen, and Christopher Kanan · 2018
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A dataset of clinically generated visual questions and answers about radiology images
Jason J Lau, Soumya Gayen, Asma Ben Abacha, and Dina Demner-Fushman · 2018
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Towards vqa models that can read
Amanpreet Singh, Vivek Natarajan, Meet Shah, Yu Jiang, Xinlei Chen, Dhruv Batra, Devi Parikh, and Marcus Rohrbach · 2019
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Plotqa: Reasoning over scientific plots
Nitesh Methani, Pritha Ganguly, Mitesh M Khapra, and Pratyush Kumar · 2020
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Geoqa: A geometric question answering benchmark towards multimodal numerical reasoning
Jiaqi Chen, Jianheng Tang, Jinghui Qin, Xiaodan Liang, Lingbo Liu, Eric P Xing, and Liang Lin · 2021
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Docvqa: A dataset for vqa on document images
Minesh Mathew, Dimosthenis Karatzas, and CV Jawahar · 2021
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An augmented benchmark dataset for geometric question answering through dual parallel text encoding
Jie Cao and Jing Xiao · 2022
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Unigeo: Unifying geometry logical reasoning via reformulating mathematical expression
Jiaqi Chen, Tong Li, Jinghui Qin, Pan Lu, Liang Lin, Chongyu Chen, and Xiaodan Liang · 2022
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Clevr-math: A dataset for compositional language, visual and mathematical reasoning
Adam Dahlgren Lindström and Savitha Sam Abraham · 2022
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Learn to explain: Multimodal reasoning via thought chains for science question answering
Pan Lu, Swaroop Mishra, Tanglin Xia, Liang Qiu, Kai-Wei Chang, Song-Chun Zhu, Oyvind Tafjord, Peter Clark, and Ashwin Kalyan · 2022
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Chartqa: A benchmark for question answering about charts with visual and logical reasoning
Ahmed Masry, Do Xuan Long, Jia Qing Tan, Shafiq Joty, and Enamul Hoque · 2022
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Infographicvqa
Minesh Mathew, Viraj Bagal, Rubèn Tito, Dimosthenis Karatzas, Ernest Valveny, and CV Jawahar · 2022
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A-okvqa: A benchmark for visual question answering using world knowledge
Dustin Schwenk, Apoorv Khandelwal, Christopher Clark, Kenneth Marino, and Roozbeh Mottaghi · 2022
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Solving math word problems with process-and outcome-based feedback
Jonathan Uesato, Nate Kushman, Ramana Kumar, Francis Song, Noah Siegel, Lisa Wang, Antonia Creswell, Geoffrey Irving, and Irina Higgins · 2022
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Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models
Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V Le, Denny Zhou, et al · 2022
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Multihiertt: Numerical reasoning over multi hierarchical tabular and textual data
Yilun Zhao, Yunxiang Li, Chenying Li, and Rui Zhang · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Qwen-vl: A frontier large vision-language model with versatile abilities
Jinze Bai, Shuai Bai, Shusheng Yang, Shijie Wang, Sinan Tan, Peng Wang, Junyang Lin, Chang Zhou, and Jingren Zhou · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Mme: A comprehensive evaluation benchmark for multimodal large language models
Chaoyou Fu, Peixian Chen, Yunhang Shen, Yulei Qin, Mengdan Zhang, Xu Lin, Zhenyu Qiu, Wei Lin, Jinrui Yang, Xiawu Zheng, Ke Li, Xing Sun, and Rongrong Ji · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
G-llava: Solving geometric problem with multi-modal large language model
Jiahui Gao, Renjie Pi, Jipeng Zhang, Jiacheng Ye, Wanjun Zhong, Yufei Wang, Lanqing Hong, Jianhua Han, Hang Xu, Zhenguo Li, et al · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Compositional chain-of-thought prompting for large multimodal models
Chancharik Mitra, Brandon Huang, Trevor Darrell, and Roei Herzig · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Multimath: Bridging visual and mathematical reasoning for large language models
Shuai Peng, Di Fu, Liangcai Gao, Xiuqin Zhong, Hongguang Fu, and Zhi Tang · 2024
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We-math: Does your large multimodal model achieve human-like mathematical reasoning?
Runqi Qiao, Qiuna Tan, Guanting Dong, Minhui Wu, Chong Sun, Xiaoshuai Song, Zhuoma GongQue, Shanglin Lei, Zhe Wei, Miaoxuan Zhang, et al · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Deepseekmath: Pushing the limits of mathematical reasoning in open language models
Zhihong Shao, Peiyi Wang, Qihao Zhu, Runxin Xu, Junxiao Song, Xiao Bi, Haowei Zhang, Mingchuan Zhang, YK Li, Y Wu, et al · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Hybridflow: A flexible and efficient rlhf framework
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Mehran Kazemi, Hamidreza Alvari, Ankit Anand, Jialin Wu, Xi Chen, and Radu Soricut · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Super-clevr: A virtual benchmark to diagnose domain robustness in visual reasoning
Zhuowan Li, Xingrui Wang, Elias Stengel-Eskin, Adam Kortylewski, Wufei Ma, Benjamin Van Durme, and Alan L Yuille · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Let’s verify step by step
Hunter Lightman, Vineet Kosaraju, Yuri Burda, Harrison Edwards, Bowen Baker, Teddy Lee, Jan Leike, John Schulman, Ilya Sutskever, and Karl Cobbe · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Mitigating hallucination in large multi-modal models via robust instruction tuning
Fuxiao Liu, Kevin Lin, Linjie Li, Jianfeng Wang, Yaser Yacoob, and Lijuan Wang · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Gpt-4v(ision) system card
OpenAI · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Math-shepherd: A label-free step-by-step verifier for llms in mathematical reasoning
Peiyi Wang, Lei Li, Zhihong Shao, RX Xu, Damai Dai, Yifei Li, Deli Chen, Y Wu, and Zhifang Sui · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Tree of thoughts: Deliberate problem solving with large language models
Shunyu Yao, Dian Yu, Jeffrey Zhao, Izhak Shafran, Tom Griffiths, Yuan Cao, and Karthik Narasimhan · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Pmc-vqa: Visual instruction tuning for medical visual question answering
Xiaoman Zhang, Chaoyi Wu, Ziheng Zhao, Weixiong Lin, Ya Zhang, Yanfeng Wang, and Weidi Xie · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Guangming Sheng, Chi Zhang, Zilingfeng Ye, Xibin Wu, Wang Zhang, Ru Zhang, Yanghua Peng, Haibin Lin, and Chuan Wu · 2024
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Math-LLaVA: Bootstrapping mathematical reasoning for multimodal large language models
Wenhao Shi, Zhiqiang Hu, Yi Bin, Junhua Liu, Yang Yang, See-Kiong Ng, Lidong Bing, and Roy Ka-Wei Lee · 2024
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Kai Sun, Yushi Bai, Ji Qi, Lei Hou, and Juanzi Li · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Solving olympiad geometry without human demonstrations
Trieu H Trinh, Yuhuai Wu, Quoc V Le, He He, and Thang Luong · 2024
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Alphazero-like tree-search can guide large language model decoding and training
Ziyu Wan, Xidong Feng, Muning Wen, Stephen Marcus McAleer, Ying Wen, Weinan Zhang, and Jun Wang · 2024
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Huajian Xin, ZZ Ren, Junxiao Song, Zhihong Shao, Wanjia Zhao, Haocheng Wang, Bo Liu, Liyue Zhang, Xuan Lu, Qiushi Du, et al · 2024
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Llava-o1: Let vision language models reason step-by-step
Guowei Xu, Peng Jin, Li Hao, Yibing Song, Lichao Sun, and Li Yuan · 2024
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Huanjin Yao, Jiaxing Huang, Wenhao Wu, Jingyi Zhang, Yibo Wang, Shunyu Liu, Yingjie Wang, Yuxin Song, Haocheng Feng, Li Shen, et al · 2024
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Aligngpt: Multi-modal large language models with adaptive alignment capability
Fei Zhao, Taotian Pang, Chunhui Li, Zhen Wu, Junjie Guo, Shangyu Xing, and Xinyu Dai · 2024
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Llamafactory: Unified efficient fine-tuning of 100+ language models
Yaowei Zheng, Richong Zhang, Junhao Zhang, Yanhan Ye, Zheyan Luo, Zhangchi Feng, and Yongqiang Ma · 2024
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Math-puma: Progressive upward multimodal alignment to enhance mathematical reasoning
Wenwen Zhuang, Xin Huang, Xiantao Zhang, and Jin Zeng · 2024
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Shuai Bai, Keqin Chen, Xuejing Liu, Jialin Wang, Wenbin Ge, Sibo Song, Kai Dang, Peng Wang, Shijie Wang, Jun Tang, Humen Zhong, Yuanzhi Zhu, Mingkun Yang, Zhaohai Li, Jianqiang Wan, Pengfei Wang, Wei Ding, Zheren Fu, Yiheng Xu, Jiabo Ye, Xi Zhang, Tianbao Xie, Zesen Cheng, Hang Zhang, Zhibo Yang, Haiyang Xu, and Junyang Lin · 2025
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Mm-iq: Benchmarking human-like abstraction and reasoning in multimodal models
Huanqia Cai, Yijun Yang, and Winston Hu · 2025
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Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning, 2025
DeepSeek-AI · 2025
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Ursa: Understanding and verifying chain-of-thought reasoning in multimodal mathematics
Ruilin Luo, Zhuofan Zheng, Yifan Wang, Yiyao Yu, Xinzhe Ni, Zicheng Lin, Jin Zeng, and Yujiu Yang · 2025
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Niklas Muennighoff, Zitong Yang, Weijia Shi, Xiang Lisa Li, Li Fei-Fei, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Luke Zettlemoyer, Percy Liang, Emmanuel Candès, and Tatsunori Hashimoto · 2025
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Llamav-o1: Rethinking step-by-step visual reasoning in llms
Omkar Thawakar, Dinura Dissanayake, Ketan More, Ritesh Thawkar, Ahmed Heakl, Noor Ahsan, Yuhao Li, Mohammed Zumri, Jean Lahoud, Rao Muhammad Anwer, et al · 2025
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Measuring multimodal mathematical reasoning with math-vision dataset
Ke Wang, Junting Pan, Weikang Shi, Zimu Lu, Houxing Ren, Aojun Zhou, Mingjie Zhan, and Hongsheng Li · 2025
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Limo: Less is more for reasoning
Yixin Ye, Zhen Huang, Yang Xiao, Ethan Chern, Shijie Xia, and Pengfei Liu · 2025
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Easyr1: An efficient, scalable, multi-modality rl training framework
Yaowei Zheng, Junting Lu, Shenzhi Wang, Zhangchi Feng, Dongdong Kuang, and Yuwen Xiong · 2025
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