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In this technical report, we tackle the challenges of training large-scale Mixture of Experts (MoE) models, focusing on overcoming cost inefficiency and resource limitations prevalent in such systems.
Megatron-lm: Training multi-billion parameter language models using model parallelism, 2020
Mohammad Shoeybi, Mostofa Patwary, Raul Puri, Patrick LeGresley, Jared Casper, and Bryan Catanzaro · 1909
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Enriching word vectors with subword information, 2017
Piotr Bojanowski, Edouard Grave, Armand Joulin, and Tomas Mikolov · 2017
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Race: Large-scale reading comprehension dataset from examinations
Guokun Lai, Qizhe Xie, Hanxiao Liu, Yiming Yang, and Eduard Hovy · 2017
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Think you have solved question answering? try arc, the ai2 reasoning challenge
Peter Clark, Isaac Cowhey, Oren Etzioni, Tushar Khot, Ashish Sabharwal, Carissa Schoenick, and Oyvind Tafjord · 2018
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Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding, 2019
Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova · 2019
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Hellaswag: Can a machine really finish your sentence?
Rowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Yonatan Bisk, Ali Farhadi, and Yejin Choi · 2019
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Piqa: Reasoning about physical commonsense in natural language
Yonatan Bisk, Rowan Zellers, Jianfeng Gao, Yejin Choi, et al · 2020
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Measuring massive multitask language understanding
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt · 2020
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Scaling laws for autoregressive generative modeling
Tom Henighan, Jared Kaplan, Mor Katz, Mark Chen, Christopher Hesse, Jacob Jackson, Heewoo Jun, Tom B Brown, Prafulla Dhariwal, Scott Gray, et al · 2020
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Scaling laws for neural language models
Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, Tom Henighan, Tom B Brown, Benjamin Chess, Rewon Child, Scott Gray, Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, and Dario Amodei · 2020
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Gshard: Scaling giant models with conditional computation and automatic sharding
Dmitry Lepikhin, HyoukJoong Lee, Yuanzhong Xu, Dehao Chen, Orhan Firat, Yanping Huang, Maxim Krikun, Noam Shazeer, and Zhifeng Chen · 2020
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Program synthesis with large language models
Jacob Austin, Augustus Odena, Maxwell Nye, Maarten Bosma, Henryk Michalewski, David Dohan, Ellen Jiang, Carrie Cai, Michael Terry, Quoc Le, et al · 2021
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Evaluating large language models trained on code
Mark Chen, Jerry Tworek, Heewoo Jun, Qiming Yuan, Henrique Ponde De Oliveira Pinto, Jared Kaplan, Harri Edwards, Yuri Burda, Nicholas Joseph, Greg Brockman, et al · 2021
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Training verifiers to solve math word problems
Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian, Mark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias Plappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro Nakano, et al · 2021
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Measuring mathematical problem solving with the math dataset
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Saurav Kadavath, Akul Arora, Steven Basart, Eric Tang, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt · 2021
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Winogrande: An adversarial winograd schema challenge at scale
Keisuke Sakaguchi, Ronan Le Bras, Chandra Bhagavatula, and Yejin Choi · 2021
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Multipl-e: A scalable and extensible approach to benchmarking neural code generation
Federico Cassano, John Gouwar, Daniel Nguyen, Sydney Nguyen, Luna Phipps-Costin, Donald Pinckney, Ming-Ho Yee, Yangtian Zi, Carolyn Jane Anderson, Molly Q Feldman, et al · 2022
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Unified scaling laws for routed language models
Aidan Clark, Diego de Las Casas, Aurelia Guy, Arthur Mensch, Michela Paganini, Jordan Hoffmann, Bogdan Damoc, Blake Hechtman, Trevor Cai, Sebastian Borgeaud, et al · 2022
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Switch transformers: Scaling to trillion parameter models with simple and efficient sparsity
William Fedus, Barret Zoph, and Noam Shazeer · 2022
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Training compute-optimal large language models
Jordan Hoffmann, Sebastian Borgeaud, Arthur Mensch, Elena Buchatskaya, Trevor Cai, Eliza Rutherford, Diego de Las Casas, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Johannes Welbl, Aidan Clark, et al · 2022
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Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback
Long Ouyang, Jeffrey Wu, Xu Jiang, Diogo Almeida, Carroll Wainwright, Pamela Mishkin, Chong Zhang, Sandhini Agarwal, Katarina Slama, Alex Ray, et al · 2022
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Deepspeed-moe: Advancing mixture-of-experts inference and training to power next-generation ai scale
Samyam Rajbhandari, Conglong Li, Zhewei Yao, Minjia Zhang, Reza Yazdani Aminabadi, Ammar Ahmad Awan, Jeff Rasley, and Yuxiong He · 2022
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Challenging big-bench tasks and whether chain-of-thought can solve them
Mirac Suzgun, Nathan Scales, Nathanael Schärli, Sebastian Gehrmann, Yi Tay, Hyung Won Chung, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Quoc V Le, Ed H Chi, Denny Zhou, et al · 2022
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St-moe: Designing stable and transferable sparse expert models, 2022
Barret Zoph, Irwan Bello, Sameer Kumar, Nan Du, Yanping Huang, Jeff Dean, Noam Shazeer, and William Fedus · 2022
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Sharegpt dataset, 2023
Ryoko AI · 2023
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Jinze Bai, Shuai Bai, Yunfei Chu, Zeyu Cui, Kai Dang, Xiaodong Deng, Yang Fan, Wenbin Ge, Yu Han, Fei Huang, Binyuan Hui, Luo Ji, Mei Li, Junyang Lin, Runji Lin, Dayiheng Liu, Gao Liu, Chengqiang Lu, Keming Lu, Jianxin Ma, Rui Men, Xingzhang Ren, Xuancheng Ren, Chuanqi Tan, Sinan Tan, Jianhong Tu, Peng Wang, Shijie Wang, Wei Wang, Shengguang Wu, Benfeng Xu, Jin Xu, An Yang, Hao Yang, Jian Yang, Shusheng Yang, Yang Yao, Bowen Yu, Hongyi Yuan, Zheng Yuan, Jianwei Zhang, Xingxuan Zhang, Yichang Zhang, Zhenru Zhang, Chang Zhou, Jingren Zhou, Xiaohuan Zhou, and Tianhang Zhu · 2023
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T-eval: Evaluating the tool utilization capability step by step
Zehui Chen, Weihua Du, Wenwei Zhang, Kuikun Liu, Jiangning Liu, Miao Zheng, Jingming Zhuo, Songyang Zhang, Dahua Lin, Kai Chen, et al · 2023
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Dlrover: An automatic distributed deep learning system, 2023
DLRover · 2023
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C-eval: A multi-level multi-discipline chinese evaluation suite for foundation models
Yuzhen Huang, Yuzhuo Bai, Zhihao Zhu, Junlei Zhang, Jinghan Zhang, Tangjun Su, Junteng Liu, Chuancheng Lv, Yikai Zhang, Yao Fu, et al · 2023
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Efficient memory management for large language model serving with pagedattention, 2023
Woosuk Kwon, Zhuohan Li, Siyuan Zhuang, Ying Sheng, Lianmin Zheng, Cody Hao Yu, Joseph E. Gonzalez, Hao Zhang, and Ion Stoica · 2023
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A holistic approach to undesired content detection in the real world
Todor Markov, Chong Zhang, Sandhini Agarwal, Florentine Eloundou Nekoul, Theodore Lee, Steven Adler, Angela Jiang, and Lilian Weng · 2023
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Toolllm: Facilitating large language models to master 16000+ real-world apis, 2023
Yujia Qin, Shihao Liang, Yining Ye, Kunlun Zhu, Lan Yan, Yaxi Lu, Yankai Lin, Xin Cong, Xiangru Tang, Bill Qian, Sihan Zhao, Runchu Tian, Ruobing Xie, Jie Zhou, Mark Gerstein, Dahai Li, Zhiyuan Liu, and Maosong Sun · 2023
From crowdsourced data to high-quality benchmarks: Arena-hard and benchbuilder pipeline
Tianle Li, Wei-Lin Chiang, Evan Frick, Lisa Dunlap, Tianhao Wu, Banghua Zhu, Joseph E Gonzalez, and Ion Stoica · 2024
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Lost in the middle: How language models use long contexts
Nelson F Liu, Kevin Lin, John Hewitt, Ashwin Paranjape, Michele Bevilacqua, Fabio Petroni, and Percy Liang · 2024
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American invitational mathematics examination - aime
MAA · 2024
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Mteb leaderboard, 2024
MTEB · 2024
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Iterative reasoning preference optimization
Richard Yuanzhe Pang, Weizhe Yuan, He He, Kyunghyun Cho, Sainbayar Sukhbaatar, and Jason Weston · 2024
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Llama-guard3 url: https://github.com/meta-llama/purplellama/blob/main/llama-guard3, 2024
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Direct preference optimization: Your language model is secretly a reward model
Rafael Rafailov, Archit Sharma, Eric Mitchell, Christopher D. Manning, Stefano Ermon, and Chelsea Finn · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Xstest: A test suite for identifying exaggerated safety behaviours in large language models
Paul Röttger, Hannah Rose Kirk, Bertie Vidgen, Giuseppe Attanasio, Federico Bianchi, and Dirk Hovy · 2023
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Shuaiwen Leon Song, Bonnie Kruft, Minjia Zhang, Conglong Li, Shiyang Chen, Chengming Zhang, Masahiro Tanaka, Xiaoxia Wu, Jeff Rasley, Ammar Ahmad Awan, Connor Holmes, Martin Cai, Adam Ghanem, Zhongzhu Zhou, Yuxiong He, Pete Luferenko, Divya Kumar, Jonathan Weyn, Ruixiong Zhang, Sylwester Klocek, Volodymyr Vragov, Mohammed AlQuraishi, Gustaf Ahdritz, Christina Floristean, Cristina Negri, Rao Kotamarthi, Venkatram Vishwanath, Arvind Ramanathan, Sam Foreman, Kyle Hippe, Troy Arcomano, Romit Maulik, Maxim Zvyagin, Alexander Brace, Bin Zhang, Cindy Orozco Bohorquez, Austin Clyde, Bharat Kale, Danilo Perez-Rivera, Heng Ma, Carla M. Mann, Michael Irvin, J. Gregory Pauloski, Logan Ward, Valerie Hayot, Murali Emani, Zhen Xie, Diangen Lin, Maulik Shukla, Ian Foster, James J. Davis, Michael E. Papka, Thomas Brettin, Prasanna Balaprakash, Gina Tourassi, John Gounley, Heidi Hanson, Thomas E Potok, Massimiliano Lupo Pasini, Kate Evans, Dan Lu, Dalton Lunga, Junqi Yin, Sajal Dash, Feiyi Wang, Mallikarjun Shankar, Isaac Lyngaas, Xiao Wang, Guojing Cong, Pei Zhang, Ming Fan, Siyan Liu, Adolfy Hoisie, Shinjae Yoo, Yihui Ren, William Tang, Kyle Felker, Alexey Svyatkovskiy, Hang Liu, Ashwin Aji, Angela Dalton, Michael Schulte, Karl Schulz, Yuntian Deng, Weili Nie, Josh Romero, Christian Dallago, Arash Vahdat, Chaowei Xiao, Thomas Gibbs, Anima Anandkumar, and Rick Stevens · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Nexusraven: a commercially-permissive language model for function calling
Venkat Krishna Srinivasan, Zhen Dong, Banghua Zhu, Brian Yu, Damon Mosk-Aoyama, Kurt Keutzer, Jiantao Jiao, and Jian Zhang · 2023
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Toolalpaca: Generalized tool learning for language models with 3000 simulated cases, 2023
Qiaoyu Tang, Ziliang Deng, Hongyu Lin, Xianpei Han, Qiao Liang, and Le Sun · 2023
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Magicoder: Empowering code generation with oss-instruct
Yuxiang Wei, Zhe Wang, Jiawei Liu, Yifeng Ding, and Lingming Zhang · 2023
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Cvalues: Measuring the values of chinese large language models from safety to responsibility
Guohai Xu, Jiayi Liu, Ming Yan, Haotian Xu, Jinghui Si, Zhuoran Zhou, Peng Yi, Xing Gao, Jitao Sang, Rong Zhang, et al · 2023
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PurpleLlama · 2024
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Gpqa: A graduate-level google-proof q&a benchmark
David Rein, Betty Li Hou, Asa Cooper Stickland, Jackson Petty, Richard Yuanzhe Pang, Julien Dirani, Julian Michael, and Samuel R Bowman · 2024
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Deepseekmath: Pushing the limits of mathematical reasoning in open language models, 2024
Zhihong Shao, Peiyi Wang, Qihao Zhu, Runxin Xu, Junxiao Song, Xiao Bi, Haowei Zhang, Mingchuan Zhang, Y. K. Li, Y. Wu, and Daya Guo · 2024
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Code less, align more: Efficient llm fine-tuning for code generation with data pruning
Yun-Da Tsai, Mingjie Liu, and Haoxing Ren · 2024
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Mmlu-pro: A more robust and challenging multi-task language understanding benchmark
Yubo Wang, Xueguang Ma, Ge Zhang, Yuansheng Ni, Abhranil Chandra, Shiguang Guo, Weiming Ren, Aaran Arulraj, Xuan He, Ziyan Jiang, et al · 2024
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Magpie: Alignment data synthesis from scratch by prompting aligned llms with nothing
Zhangchen Xu, Fengqing Jiang, Luyao Niu, Yuntian Deng, Radha Poovendran, Yejin Choi, and Bill Yuchen Lin · 2024
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Berkeley function calling leaderboard, 2024
Fanjia Yan, Huanzhi Mao, Charlie Cheng-Jie Ji, Tianjun Zhang, Shishir G. Patil, Ion Stoica, and Joseph E. Gonzalez · 2024
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An Yang, Baosong Yang, Binyuan Hui, Bo Zheng, Bowen Yu, Chang Zhou, Chengpeng Li, Chengyuan Li, Dayiheng Liu, Fei Huang, Guanting Dong, Haoran Wei, Huan Lin, Jialong Tang, Jialin Wang, Jian Yang, Jianhong Tu, Jianwei Zhang, Jianxin Ma, Jianxin Yang, Jin Xu, Jingren Zhou, Jinze Bai, Jinzheng He, Junyang Lin, Kai Dang, Keming Lu, Keqin Chen, Kexin Yang, Mei Li, Mingfeng Xue, Na Ni, Pei Zhang, Peng Wang, Ru Peng, Rui Men, Ruize Gao, Runji Lin, Shijie Wang, Shuai Bai, Sinan Tan, Tianhang Zhu, Tianhao Li, Tianyu Liu, Wenbin Ge, Xiaodong Deng, Xiaohuan Zhou, Xingzhang Ren, Xinyu Zhang, Xipin Wei, Xuancheng Ren, Xuejing Liu, Yang Fan, Yang Yao, Yichang Zhang, Yu Wan, Yunfei Chu, Yuqiong Liu, Zeyu Cui, Zhenru Zhang, Zhifang Guo, and Zhihao Fan · 2024
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Alipay: https://www.alipay.com/, 2025
Alipay · 2025
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EDiT: A local-SGD-based efficient distributed training method for large language models
Jialiang Cheng, Ning Gao, Yun Yue, Zhiling Ye, Jiadi Jiang, and Jian Sha · 2025
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Xputimer: Anomaly diagnostics for divergent llm training in gpu clusters of thousand-plus scale
Weihao Cui, Ji Zhang, Han Zhao, Chao Liu, Wenhao Zhang, Jian Sha, Quan Chen, Bingsheng He, and Minyi Guo · 2025
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Flood: A toolkit for llm painless inference acceleration, 2025
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Minimax-01: Scaling foundation models with lightning attention, 2025
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