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The ability of large language models to solve complex mathematical problems has progressed significantly, particularly for tasks requiring advanced reasoning.
Training verifiers to solve math word problems
Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian, Mark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias Plappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro Nakano, et al. 2021 · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
Self-consistency improves chain of thought reasoning in language models
Xuezhi Wang, Jason Wei, Dale Schuurmans, Quoc Le, Ed Chi, Sharan Narang, Aakanksha Chowdhery, and Denny Zhou. 2022 · 2022
Earlier work this paper cites.
Pal: Program-aided language models
Luyu Gao, Aman Madaan, Shuyan Zhou, Uri Alon, Pengfei Liu, Yiming Yang, Jamie Callan, and Graham Neubig. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Mathprompter: Mathematical reasoning using large language models
Shima Imani, Liang Du, and Harsh Shrivastava. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Hunter Lightman, Vineet Kosaraju, Yura Burda, Harri Edwards, Bowen Baker, Teddy Lee, Jan Leike, John Schulman, Ilya Sutskever, and Karl Cobbe. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Wizardmath: Empowering mathematical reasoning for large language models via reinforced evol-instruct
Haipeng Luo, Qingfeng Sun, Can Xu, Pu Zhao, Jianguang Lou, Chongyang Tao, Xiubo Geng, Qingwei Lin, Shifeng Chen, and Dongmei Zhang. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Openwebmath: An open dataset of high-quality mathematical web text
Keiran Paster, Marco Dos Santos, Zhangir Azerbayev, and Jimmy Ba. 2023 · 2023
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Measuring and narrowing the compositionality gap in language models
Ofir Press, Muru Zhang, Sewon Min, Ludwig Schmidt, Noah A Smith, and Mike Lewis. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Self-instruct: Aligning language models with self-generated instructions
Yizhong Wang, Yeganeh Kordi, Swaroop Mishra, Alisa Liu, Noah A. Smith, Daniel Khashabi, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Wizardlm: Empowering large language models to follow complex instructions
Can Xu, Qingfeng Sun, Kai Zheng, Xiubo Geng, Pu Zhao, Jiazhan Feng, Chongyang Tao, and Daxin Jiang. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Metamath: Bootstrap your own mathematical questions for large language models
Longhui Yu, Weisen Jiang, Han Shi, Jincheng Yu, Zhengying Liu, Yu Zhang, James T Kwok, Zhenguo Li, Adrian Weller, and Weiyang Liu. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Mammoth: Building math generalist models through hybrid instruction tuning
Xiang Yue, Xingwei Qu, Ge Zhang, Yao Fu, Wenhao Huang, Huan Sun, Yu Su, and Wenhu Chen. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ai-mo/aimo-validation-aime
AIME-2024 · 2024
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Llemma: An open language model for mathematics
Zhangir Azerbayev, Hailey Schoelkopf, Keiran Paster, Marco Dos Santos, Stephen McAleer, Albert Q. Jiang, Jia Deng, Stella Biderman, and Sean Welleck. 2024 · 2024
Earlier work this paper cites.
From the least to the most: Building a plug-and-play visual reasoner via data synthesis
Chuanqi Cheng, Jian Guan, Wei Wu, and Rui Yan. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Abhimanyu Dubey, Abhinav Jauhri, Abhinav Pandey, Abhishek Kadian, Ahmad Al-Dahle, Aiesha Letman, Akhil Mathur, Alan Schelten, Amy Yang, Angela Fan, et al. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Scaling synthetic data creation with 1,000,000,000 personas
Tao Ge, Xin Chan, Xiaoyang Wang, Dian Yu, Haitao Mi, and Dong Yu. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Key-point-driven data synthesis with its enhancement on mathematical reasoning
Yiming Huang, Xiao Liu, Yeyun Gong, Zhibin Gou, Yelong Shen, Nan Duan, and Weizhu Chen. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Openmathinstruct-2: Accelerating ai for math with massive open-source instruction data
Shubham Toshniwal, Wei Du, Ivan Moshkov, Branislav Kisacanin, Alexan Ayrapetyan, and Igor Gitman. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Mathpile: A billion-token-scale pretraining corpus for math
Zengzhi Wang, Xuefeng Li, Rui Xia, and Pengfei Liu. 2024 · 2024
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Yangzhen Wu, Zhiqing Sun, Shanda Li, Sean Welleck, and Yiming Yang. 2024 · 2024
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Magpie: Alignment data synthesis from scratch by prompting aligned llms with nothing
Zhangchen Xu, Fengqing Jiang, Luyao Niu, Yuntian Deng, Radha Poovendran, Yejin Choi, and Bill Yuchen Lin. 2024 · 2024
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Aaron Jaech, Adam Kalai, Adam Lerer, Adam Richardson, Ahmed El-Kishky, Aiden Low, Alec Helyar, Aleksander Madry, Alex Beutel, Alex Carney, et al. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Can large language models reason and plan?
Subbarao Kambhampati. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Gsm-symbolic: Understanding the limitations of mathematical reasoning in large language models
Iman Mirzadeh, Keivan Alizadeh, Hooman Shahrokhi, Oncel Tuzel, Samy Bengio, and Mehrdad Farajtabar. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Orca-math: Unlocking the potential of slms in grade school math
Arindam Mitra, Hamed Khanpour, Corby Rosset, and Ahmed Awadallah. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Learning to reason with llms, september 2024
OpenAI. 2024b · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Toolformer: Language models can teach themselves to use tools
Timo Schick, Jane Dwivedi-Yu, Roberto Dessì, Roberta Raileanu, Maria Lomeli, Eric Hambro, Luke Zettlemoyer, Nicola Cancedda, and Thomas Scialom. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Deepseekmath: Pushing the limits of mathematical reasoning in open language models
Zhihong Shao, Peiyi Wang, Qihao Zhu, Runxin Xu, Junxiao Song, Mingchuan Zhang, YK Li, Yu Wu, and Daya Guo. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Scaling llm test-time compute optimally can be more effective than scaling model parameters
Charlie Snell, Jaehoon Lee, Kelvin Xu, and Aviral Kumar. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Longhui Yu, Weisen Jiang, Han Shi, Jincheng Yu, Zhengying Liu, Yu Zhang, James T. Kwok, Zhenguo Li, Adrian Weller, and Weiyang Liu. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Mammoth2: Scaling instructions from the web
Xiang Yue, Tuney Zheng, Ge Zhang, and Wenhu Chen. 2024 · 2024
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A careful examination of large language model performance on grade school arithmetic
Hugh Zhang, Jeff Da, Dean Lee, Vaughn Robinson, Catherine Wu, Will Song, Tiffany Zhao, Pranav Raja, Charlotte Zhuang, Dylan Slack, Qin Lyu, Sean Hendryx, Russell Kaplan, Michele Lunati, and Summer Yue. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Sego: Sequential subgoal optimization for mathematical problem-solving
Xueliang Zhao, Xinting Huang, Wei Bi, and Lingpeng Kong. 2024a · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
rstar-math: Small llms can master math reasoning with self-evolved deep thinking
Xinyu Guan, Li Lyna Zhang, Yifei Liu, Ning Shang, Youran Sun, Yi Zhu, Fan Yang, and Mao Yang. 2025 · 2025
Closest in time.
Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning
Daya Guo, Dejian Yang, Haowei Zhang, Junxiao Song, Ruoyu Zhang, Runxin Xu, Qihao Zhu, Shirong Ma, Peiyi Wang, Xiao Bi, et al. 2025 · 2025
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Niklas Muennighoff, Zitong Yang, Weijia Shi, Xiang Lisa Li, Li Fei-Fei, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Luke Zettlemoyer, Percy Liang, Emmanuel Candès, and Tatsunori Hashimoto. 2025 · 2025
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Unlocking reasoning potential in large language models by scaling code-form planning
Jiaxin Wen, Jian Guan, Hongning Wang, Wei Wu, and Minlie Huang. 2025 · 2025
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Limo: Less is more for reasoning
Yixin Ye, Zhen Huang, Yang Xiao, Ethan Chern, Shijie Xia, and Pengfei Liu. 2025 · 2025
Closest in time.