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The sequential nature of modern LLMs makes them expensive and slow, and speculative sampling has proven to be an effective solution to this problem.
Distilling the knowledge in a neural network
Geoffrey Hinton, Oriol Vinyals, and Jeff Dean. 2015 · 2015
Earlier work this paper cites.
Abstractive text summarization using sequence-to-sequence rnns and beyond
Ramesh Nallapati, Bowen Zhou, Caglar Gulcehre, Bing Xiang, et al. 2016 · 2016
Earlier work this paper cites.
Quantized neural networks: Training neural networks with low precision weights and activations
Itay Hubara, Matthieu Courbariaux, Daniel Soudry, Ran El-Yaniv, and Yoshua Bengio. 2018 · 2018
Earlier work this paper cites.
Blockwise parallel decoding for deep autoregressive models
Mitchell Stern, Noam Shazeer, and Jakob Uszkoreit. 2018 · 2018
Earlier work this paper cites.
Q8bert: Quantized 8bit bert
Ofir Zafrir, Guy Boudoukh, Peter Izsak, and Moshe Wasserblat. 2019 · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
Q-bert: Hessian based ultra low precision quantization of bert
Sheng Shen, Zhen Dong, Jiayu Ye, Linjian Ma, Zhewei Yao, Amir Gholami, Michael W Mahoney, and Kurt Keutzer. 2020 · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
Gobo: Quantizing attention-based nlp models for low latency and energy efficient inference
Ali Hadi Zadeh, Isak Edo, Omar Mohamed Awad, and Andreas Moshovos. 2020 · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
Evaluating large language models trained on code
Mark Chen, Jerry Tworek, Heewoo Jun, Qiming Yuan, Henrique Ponde de Oliveira Pinto, Jared Kaplan, Harri Edwards, Yuri Burda, Nicholas Joseph, Greg Brockman, et al. 2021 · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
Training verifiers to solve math word problems
Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian, Mark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias Plappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro Nakano, et al. 2021 · 2021
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I-bert: Integer-only bert quantization
Sehoon Kim, Amir Gholami, Zhewei Yao, Michael W Mahoney, and Kurt Keutzer. 2021 · 2021
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Instantaneous grammatical error correction with shallow aggressive decoding
Xin Sun, Tao Ge, Furu Wei, and Houfeng Wang. 2021 · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
Accelerating large language model decoding with speculative sampling
Charlie Chen, Sebastian Borgeaud, Geoffrey Irving, Jean-Baptiste Lespiau, Laurent Sifre, and John Jumper. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Vicuna: An open-source chatbot impressing gpt-4 with 90%* chatgpt quality
Wei-Lin Chiang, Zhuohan Li, Zi Lin, Ying Sheng, Zhanghao Wu, Hao Zhang, Lianmin Zheng, Siyuan Zhuang, Yonghao Zhuang, Joseph E. Gonzalez, Ion Stoica, and Eric P. Xing. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Enhancing chat language models by scaling high-quality instructional conversations
Ning Ding, Yulin Chen, Bokai Xu, Yujia Qin, Zhi Zheng, Shengding Hu, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun, and Bowen Zhou. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Assisted generation: a new direction toward low-latency text generation
Joao Gante. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Speed: Speculative pipelined execution for efficient decoding
Coleman Hooper, Sehoon Kim, Hiva Mohammadzadeh, Hasan Genc, Kurt Keutzer, Amir Gholami, and Sophia Shao. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Efficient memory management for large language model serving with pagedattention
Woosuk Kwon, Zhuohan Li, Siyuan Zhuang, Ying Sheng, Lianmin Zheng, Cody Hao Yu, Joseph Gonzalez, Hao Zhang, and Ion Stoica. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Fast inference from transformers via speculative decoding
Yaniv Leviathan, Matan Kalman, and Yossi Matias. 2023 · 2023
Glide with a cape: A low-hassle method to accelerate speculative decoding
Cunxiao Du, Jing Jiang, Xu Yuanchen, Jiawei Wu, Sicheng Yu, Yongqi Li, Shenggui Li, Kai Xu, Liqiang Nie, Zhaopeng Tu, et al. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Abhimanyu Dubey, Abhinav Jauhri, Abhinav Pandey, Abhishek Kadian, Ahmad Al-Dahle, Aiesha Letman, Akhil Mathur, Alan Schelten, Amy Yang, Angela Fan, et al. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Layer skip: Enabling early exit inference and self-speculative decoding
Mostafa Elhoushi, Akshat Shrivastava, Diana Liskovich, Basil Hosmer, Bram Wasti, Liangzhen Lai, Anas Mahmoud, Bilge Acun, Saurabh Agarwal, Ahmed Roman, et al. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Break the sequential dependency of LLM inference using lookahead decoding
Yichao Fu, Peter Bailis, Ion Stoica, and Hao Zhang. 2024 · 2024
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Cited alongside, same era.
Pass: Parallel speculative sampling
Giovanni Monea, Armand Joulin, and Edouard Grave. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Prompt lookup decoding
Apoorv Saxena. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Alpaca: A strong, replicable instruction-following model
Rohan Taori, Ishaan Gulrajani, Tianyi Zhang, Yann Dubois, Xuechen Li, Carlos Guestrin, Percy Liang, and Tatsunori B Hashimoto. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Predictive pipelined decoding: A compute-latency trade-off for exact llm decoding
Seongjun Yang, Gibbeum Lee, Jaewoong Cho, Dimitris Papailiopoulos, and Kangwook Lee. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Draft & verify: Lossless large language model acceleration via self-speculative decoding
Jun Zhang, Jue Wang, Huan Li, Lidan Shou, Ke Chen, Gang Chen, and Sharad Mehrotra. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Judging LLM-as-a-judge with MT-Bench and chatbot Arena
Lianmin Zheng, Wei-Lin Chiang, Ying Sheng, Siyuan Zhuang, Zhanghao Wu, Yonghao Zhuang, Zi Lin, Zhuohan Li, Dacheng Li, Eric Xing, Hao Zhang, Joseph E. Gonzalez, and Ion Stoica. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Hydra: Sequentially-dependent draft heads for Medusa decoding
Zachary Ankner, Rishab Parthasarathy, Aniruddha Nrusimha, Christopher Rinard, Jonathan Ragan-Kelley, and William Brandon. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Xiangxiang Gao, Weisheng Xie, Yiwei Xiang, and Feng Ji. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Specexec: Massively parallel speculative decoding for interactive llm inference on consumer devices
Ruslan Svirschevski, Avner May, Zhuoming Chen, Beidi Chen, Zhihao Jia, and Max Ryabinin. 2024 · 2024
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Heming Xia, Zhe Yang, Qingxiu Dong, Peiyi Wang, Yongqi Li, Tao Ge, Tianyu Liu, Wenjie Li, and Zhifang Sui. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Hanling Yi, Feng Lin, Hongbin Li, Peiyang Ning, Xiaotian Yu, and Rong Xiao. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Learning harmonized representations for speculative sampling
Lefan Zhang, Xiaodan Wang, Yanhua Huang, and Ruiwen Xu. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
SGLang: Efficient execution of structured language model programs
Lianmin Zheng, Liangsheng Yin, Zhiqiang Xie, Chuyue Livia Sun, Jeff Huang, Cody Hao Yu, Shiyi Cao, Christos Kozyrakis, Ion Stoica, Joseph E Gonzalez, et al. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning
Daya Guo DeepSeek-AI, Dejian Yang, Haowei Zhang, Junxiao Song, Ruoyu Zhang, Runxin Xu, Qihao Zhu, Shirong Ma, Peiyi Wang, Xiao Bi, et al. 2025 · 2025
Closest in time.
DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in LLMs via reinforcement learning
Daya Guo, Dejian Yang, Haowei Zhang, Junxiao Song, Ruoyu Zhang, Runxin Xu, Qihao Zhu, Shirong Ma, Peiyi Wang, Xiao Bi, et al. 2025 · 2025
Closest in time.