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Language models often benefit from external knowledge beyond parametric knowledge.
Mrqa 2019 shared task: Evaluating generalization in reading comprehension
Adam Fisch, Alon Talmor, Robin Jia, Minjoon Seo, Eunsol Choi, and Danqi Chen. 2019 · 1910
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Self-alignment for factuality: Mitigating hallucinations in LLMs via self-evaluation
Xiaoying Zhang, Baolin Peng, Ye Tian, Jingyan Zhou, Lifeng Jin, Linfeng Song, Haitao Mi, and Helen Meng. 2024b · 1965
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An overview of the bioasq large-scale biomedical semantic indexing and question answering competition
George Tsatsaronis, Georgios Balikas, Prodromos Malakasiotis, Ioannis Partalas, Matthias Zschunke, Michael R Alvers, Dirk Weissenborn, Anastasia Krithara, Sergios Petridis, Dimitris Polychronopoulos, and 1 others. 2015 · 2015
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Squad: 100,000+ questions for machine comprehension of text
Pranav Rajpurkar, Jian Zhang, Konstantin Lopyrev, and Percy Liang. 2016 · 2016
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Reading Wikipedia to answer open-domain questions
Danqi Chen, Adam Fisch, Jason Weston, and Antoine Bordes. 2017 · 2017
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Triviaqa: A large scale distantly supervised challenge dataset for reading comprehension
Mandar Joshi, Eunsol Choi, Daniel S. Weld, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2017 · 2017
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Are you smarter than a sixth grader? textbook question answering for multimodal machine comprehension
Aniruddha Kembhavi, Minjoon Seo, Dustin Schwenk, Jonghyun Choi, Ali Farhadi, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. 2017 · 2017
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Zero-shot relation extraction via reading comprehension
Omer Levy, Minjoon Seo, Eunsol Choi, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2017 · 2017
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Decoupled weight decay regularization
I. Loshchilov and F. Hutter. 2017 · 2017
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Hotpotqa: A dataset for diverse, explainable multi-hop question answering
Zhilin Yang, Peng Qi, Saizheng Zhang, Yoshua Bengio, William W. Cohen, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, and Christopher D. Manning. 2018 · 2018
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Pubmedqa: A dataset for biomedical research question answering
Qiao Jin, Bhuwan Dhingra, Zhengping Liu, William Cohen, and Xinghua Lu. 2019 · 2019
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Natural questions: A benchmark for question answering research
Tom Kwiatkowski, Jennimaria Palomaki, Olivia Redfield, Michael Collins, Ankur Parikh, Chris Alberti, Danielle Epstein, Illia Polosukhin, Jacob Devlin, Kenton Lee, Kristina Toutanova, Llion Jones, Matthew Kelcey, Ming-Wei Chang, Andrew M. Dai, Jakob Uszkoreit, Quoc Le, and Slav Petrov. 2019 · 2019
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BART: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension
Mike Lewis, Yinhan Liu, Naman Goyal, Marjan Ghazvininejad, Abdelrahman Mohamed, Omer Levy, Veselin Stoyanov, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2020 · 2020
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A dataset of information-seeking questions and answers anchored in research papers
Pradeep Dasigi, Kyle Lo, Iz Beltagy, Arman Cohan, Noah A. Smith, and Matt Gardner. 2021 · 2021
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Entity-based knowledge conflicts in question answering
Shayne Longpre, Kartik Perisetla, Anthony Chen, Nikhil Ramesh, Chris DuBois, and Sameer Singh. 2021 · 2021
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Time-aware language models as temporal knowledge bases
Bhuwan Dhingra, Jeremy R. Cole, Julian Martin Eisenschlos, Daniel Gillick, Jacob Eisenstein, and William W. Cohen. 2022 · 2022
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Unsupervised dense information retrieval with contrastive learning
Gautier Izacard, Mathilde Caron, Lucas Hosseini, Sebastian Riedel, Piotr Bojanowski, Armand Joulin, and Edouard Grave. 2022 · 2022
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Language models (mostly) know what they know
Saurav Kadavath, Tom Conerly, Amanda Askell, Tom Henighan, Dawn Drain, Ethan Perez, Nicholas Schiefer, Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Nova DasSarma, Eli Tran-Johnson, Scott Johnston, Sheer El-Showk, Andy Jones, Nelson Elhage, Tristan Hume, Anna Chen, Yuntao Bai, Sam Bowman, Stanislav Fort, and 17 others. 2022 · 2022
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StreamingQA: A benchmark for adaptation to new knowledge over time in question answering models
Adam Liska, Tomas Kocisky, Elena Gribovskaya, Tayfun Terzi, Eren Sezener, Devang Agrawal, Cyprien De Masson D’Autume, Tim Scholtes, Manzil Zaheer, Susannah Young, Ellen Gilsenan-Mcmahon, Sophia Austin, Phil Blunsom, and Angeliki Lazaridou. 2022 · 2022
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Retrieval-based language models and applications
Akari Asai, Sewon Min, Zexuan Zhong, and Danqi Chen. 2023 · 2023
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Knowledge-augmented language model verification
Jinheon Baek, Soyeong Jeong, Minki Kang, Jong Park, and Sung Hwang. 2023 · 2023
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QLoRA: Efficient finetuning of quantized LLMs
Tim Dettmers, Artidoro Pagnoni, Ari Holtzman, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2023 · 2023
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FLEEK: Factual error detection and correction with evidence retrieved from external knowledge
Farima Fatahi Bayat, Kun Qian, Benjamin Han, Yisi Sang, Anton Belyy, Samira Khorshidi, Fei Wu, Ihab Ilyas, and Yunyao Li. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Albert Q. Jiang, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Arthur Mensch, Chris Bamford, Devendra Singh Chaplot, Diego de las Casas, Florian Bressand, Gianna Lengyel, Guillaume Lample, Lucile Saulnier, Lélio Renard Lavaud, Marie-Anne Lachaux, Pierre Stock, Teven Le Scao, Thibaut Lavril, Thomas Wang, Timothée Lacroix, and William El Sayed. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Large language models struggle to learn long-tail knowledge
Nikhil Kandpal, Haikang Deng, Adam Roberts, Eric Wallace, and Colin Raffel. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Realtime qa: What's the answer right now?
Jungo Kasai, Keisuke Sakaguchi, yoichi takahashi, Ronan Le Bras, Akari Asai, Xinyan Yu, Dragomir Radev, Noah A Smith, Yejin Choi, and Kentaro Inui. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Semantic uncertainty: Linguistic invariances for uncertainty estimation in natural language generation
Enhancing robustness of retrieval-augmented language models with in-context learning
Seong-Il Park, Seung-Woo Choi, Na-Hyun Kim, and Jay-Yoon Lee. 2024 · 2024
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Assessing “implicit” retrieval robustness of large language models
Xiaoyu Shen, Rexhina Blloshmi, Dawei Zhu, Jiahuan Pei, and Wei Zhang. 2024 · 2024
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Trusting your evidence: Hallucinate less with context-aware decoding
Weijia Shi, Xiaochuang Han, Mike Lewis, Yulia Tsvetkov, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Wen-tau Yih. 2024 · 2024
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$\texttt{ConflictBank}$: A benchmark for evaluating the influence of knowledge conflicts in LLMs
Zhaochen Su, Jun Zhang, Xiaoye Qu, Tong Zhu, Yanshu Li, Jiashuo Sun, Juntao Li, Min Zhang, and Yu Cheng. 2024 · 2024
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Blinded by generated contexts: How language models merge generated and retrieved contexts when knowledge conflicts?
Hexiang Tan, Fei Sun, Wanli Yang, Yuanzhuo Wang, Qi Cao, and Xueqi Cheng. 2024 · 2024
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Lorenz Kuhn, Yarin Gal, and Sebastian Farquhar. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Large language models with controllable working memory
Daliang Li, Ankit Singh Rawat, Manzil Zaheer, Xin Wang, Michal Lukasik, Andreas Veit, Felix Yu, and Sanjiv Kumar. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Search augmented instruction learning
Hongyin Luo, Tianhua Zhang, Yung-Sung Chuang, Yuan Gong, Yoon Kim, Xixin Wu, Helen Meng, and James Glass. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
When not to trust language models: Investigating effectiveness of parametric and non-parametric memories
Alex Mallen, Akari Asai, Victor Zhong, Rajarshi Das, Daniel Khashabi, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
DisentQA: Disentangling parametric and contextual knowledge with counterfactual question answering
Ella Neeman, Roee Aharoni, Or Honovich, Leshem Choshen, Idan Szpektor, and Omri Abend. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Direct preference optimization: Your language model is secretly a reward model
Rafael Rafailov, Archit Sharma, Eric Mitchell, Christopher D Manning, Stefano Ermon, and Chelsea Finn. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Llama 2: Open foundation and fine-tuned chat models
Hugo Touvron, Louis Martin, Kevin Stone, Peter Albert, Amjad Almahairi, Yasmine Babaei, Nikolay Bashlykov, Soumya Batra, Prajjwal Bhargava, Shruti Bhosale, Dan Bikel, Lukas Blecher, Cristian Canton Ferrer, Moya Chen, Guillem Cucurull, David Esiobu, Jude Fernandes, Jeremy Fu, Wenyin Fu, and 49 others. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Adaptive chameleon or stubborn sloth: Revealing the behavior of large language models in knowledge conflicts
Jian Xie, Kai Zhang, Jiangjie Chen, Renze Lou, and Yu Su. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Fine-tuning language models for factuality
Katherine Tian, Eric Mitchell, Huaxiu Yao, Christopher D Manning, and Chelsea Finn. 2024 · 2024
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Factuality of large language models: A survey
Yuxia Wang, Minghan Wang, Muhammad Arslan Manzoor, Fei Liu, Georgi Nenkov Georgiev, Rocktim Jyoti Das, and Preslav Nakov. 2024b · 2024
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Characterizing LLM abstention behavior in science QA with context perturbations
Bingbing Wen, Bill Howe, and Lucy Lu Wang. 2024a · 2024
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How easily do irrelevant inputs skew the responses of large language models?
Siye Wu, Jian Xie, Jiangjie Chen, Tinghui Zhu, Kai Zhang, and Yanghua Xiao. 2024 · 2024
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Improving retrieval augmented language model with self-reasoning
Yuan Xia, Jingbo Zhou, Zhenhui Shi, Jun Chen, and Haifeng Huang. 2024 · 2024
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Large language models can learn temporal reasoning
Siheng Xiong, Ali Payani, Ramana Kompella, and Faramarz Fekri. 2024 · 2024
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Knowledge conflicts for LLMs: A survey
Rongwu Xu, Zehan Qi, Zhijiang Guo, Cunxiang Wang, Hongru Wang, Yue Zhang, and Wei Xu. 2024b · 2024
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An Yang, Baosong Yang, Beichen Zhang, Binyuan Hui, Bo Zheng, Bowen Yu, Chengyuan Li, Dayiheng Liu, Fei Huang, Haoran Wei, Huan Lin, Jian Yang, Jianhong Tu, Jianwei Zhang, Jianxin Yang, Jiaxi Yang, Jingren Zhou, Junyang Lin, Kai Dang, and 22 others. 2024 · 2024
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Truth-aware context selection: Mitigating hallucinations of large language models being misled by untruthful contexts
Tian Yu, Shaolei Zhang, and Yang Feng. 2024a · 2024
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Chain-of-note: Enhancing robustness in retrieval-augmented language models
Wenhao Yu, Hongming Zhang, Xiaoman Pan, Peixin Cao, Kaixin Ma, Jian Li, Hongwei Wang, and Dong Yu. 2024b · 2024
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Discerning and resolving knowledge conflicts through adaptive decoding with contextual information-entropy constraint
Xiaowei Yuan, Zhao Yang, Yequan Wang, Shengping Liu, Jun Zhao, and Kang Liu. 2024 · 2024
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R-tuning: Instructing large language models to say ‘I don‘t know’
Hanning Zhang, Shizhe Diao, Yong Lin, Yi Fung, Qing Lian, Xingyao Wang, Yangyi Chen, Heng Ji, and Tong Zhang. 2024a · 2024
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Enhancing contextual understanding in large language models through contrastive decoding
Zheng Zhao, Emilio Monti, Jens Lehmann, and Haytham Assem. 2024 · 2024
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Hallulens: Llm hallucination benchmark
Yejin Bang, Ziwei Ji, Alan Schelten, Anthony Hartshorn, Tara Fowler, Cheng Zhang, Nicola Cancedda, and Pascale Fung. 2025 · 2025
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Look before you leap: An exploratory study of uncertainty analysis for large language models
Yuheng Huang, Jiayang Song, Zhijie Wang, Shengming Zhao, Huaming Chen, Felix Juefei-Xu, and Lei Ma. 2025 · 2025
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When to speak, when to abstain: Contrastive decoding with abstention
Hyuhng Joon Kim, Youna Kim, Sang goo Lee, and Taeuk Kim. 2025 · 2025
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Know your limits: A survey of abstention in large language models
Bingbing Wen, Jihan Yao, Shangbin Feng, Chenjun Xu, Yulia Tsvetkov, Bill Howe, and Lucy Lu Wang. 2025 · 2025
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